Saturday 18th April 2026
Blog Page 1449

Culture Editorial: A Hearty Wahoo For Entrenched Classism

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In their latest attempt to demonstrate their Neanderthal moral values, Wahoo recently presented us with the opportunity to enjoy a ‘Country Estates and Council Estates’ fancy dress night. Next week, the esteemed discothèque will hopefully give up the pretence altogether and throw a jamboree with a ‘Golliwogs and Golly Gosh, Aren’t We Privileged’ theme.

We all know that Wahoo are morons and put on terrible club nights. But in more general terms, the visualisation of the council estate by the British media often follows a depressingly familiar trajectory.UK hip-hop legend Skinnyman’s track ‘Council Estate of Mind’ speaks to this sense of anger and alienation with its depiction of an urbanised and utterly isolated mindset.

His illustration of poverty on the estate is grimly compelling: “I live amongst smashed syringes/squatters’ doors hanging off they hinges/hookers looking for Bobby/shotting in they minges”. Even the phrase ‘sink estate’ is derived from the biological notion of ‘behavioural sink’, a collapse in animal behaviour when population density passes a critical tipping point. Originally modelled on rats, it has subsequently been mapped onto the poor of Britain.

The original biological report speaks of “a pathological withdrawal from which individuals would emerge to eat, drink and move about only when other members of the community were asleep”. It is difficult not to be reminded of ASBOs forbidding people to leave the house after daylight hours, and histrionic calls for blanket curfews from the right-wing media.

Skinnyman also acknowledges this fear when he raps: “Blud, you go to sleep round here and have nightmares/wake up and find the worst reality is right there”. The dehumanising implication is clear. Crowd the rats together and they will start to eat each other: crowd the poor together and they will rob and kill each other.

Of course, there is a distinction to be drawn between Skinnyman’s legitimate depiction of the urban decay of Britain and the lazy stereotyping of Matt Lucas’ shellsuit-clad abomination Vicky Pollard. It would be irresponsible to submerge the hardships of life in many of our council estates under a deluge of cheery community spirit.

Admittedly, TV shows like Misfits and Shameless might attempt to map warmth and humanity onto the streets of London and Manchester, but there is a fine line between well-meaning and affectionate caricature and cruel stereotype. In 2012, Southwark council banned film crews from two of its estates, sick of being depicted as the worst of our society condensed into a handful of towerblocks. For the people of Southwark, the line was overstepped once too often.

“What I don’t expect you to ever comprehend is/why I got all actin’ so self-defensive”, Skinnyman raps. In the sneering distinction Wahoo are drawing between country estates and council estates, one is implicitly worse. 

Council estate dwellers are depicted as nothing but animals, the same vermin the rich hunt on their country estates. If you wouldn’t go to Wahoo in blackface, you shouldn’t be going to Wahoo in Burberry and fake gold chains. As long as they keep perpetuating this poisonous mockery of the working class, perhaps we shouldn’t be going to Wahoo at all.

Cherwell tries…Being an Artist

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I am art. I am creator. I have ‘originality’ written through me like a stick of Brighton rock. Day to day, I create. Afterwards, I comment on others’ creations, and try to trick people into thinking I am an intellectual.

Sadly, my barbed comments about others’ art are not always heard, however loudly I spit them out in the echoing recesses of the Tate. My diet of crumpets and gin, though charmingly eccentric, has left me malnourished and emaciated. I can’t wait to get back to Oxford for a hearty brunch and a glass of port. For the past weekend, I have been living with a group of art students living in a filthy flat in Finsbury Park. Alliteration aside, mine is a dismal state of affairs.

The flat is paid for by a combination of parental handouts, student loans and sheer luck. Bills are not included in the scandalously low rent, but no one knows who pays for the gas or electric. The tenants don’t ask and the landlord doesn’t tell. They think he keeps bodies in the boiler room but no one pushes it: it adds, they think, to the flat’s mystique.

The floor is littered with paint palettes and fag ends. Days are spent in artistic frenzies and everyone has a drinking problem. It quickly becomes clear to me that each artist is treading the thin line between art and masturbation, but only one flatmate has addressed this explicitly in his work: he recently filmed himself wanking delicately into a human skull. The footage received a wink and a thumbs up from his tutor. No one knows why.

The artist I am shadowing is named Marcus, a friend of a friend who returns to his pleasant house in Surrey on the weekends when he needs his washing done. His art school friends are intolerably hip and relentlessly opinionated. Pre-drinks end with definitive proclamations about the role of the artist, and people have been known to leave when Marcus misdefines colour theory. The paintings that germinate in their dust-lined living room do not necessarily retain value outside of it, although Marcus’s grandmother buys an abstract imagining of a penis every Christmas.

My companion tires of me rapidly. I am neither attractive enough nor weird enough to be his muse. I am also in the way: when trying to create my own masterpiece, I get oils on the inside of Marcus’ flatmate Cosmo’s overalls. Oils on the inside of overalls defeats the purpose of overalls, he snarls, and I am consigned to the kitchen like a mucky dog.

Between 4 and 11am, Cosmo paints, overalls askew. The look in his eyes is that of a wolf eying alamb at 50 paces. He has one goal, and that is to create what he is currently imagining. He looks ridiculous as he scrutinises his work at dawn through turpentine-stained fingers, but he is entirely independent. The first and only person he wants to impress is himself.

It is this thought that prevents me from boarding the Oxford Tube with an entitled  spring in my step. This term’s hard-won tally of good essays is anathema to Cosmo. My tutor’s lazy ticks and reluctant praise seemed pivotal in Oxford, but now they leave me cold.

 I become aware that my course is based on replication and analysis, while Cosmo creates. The 2500 recycled words a student churns out each week on Chaucer or Sartre or Locke are fine, but no undergrad will ever consecrate a week of his or her life to my work unless, like Cosmo, I actually create something.

Review: Oxford Fashion Week – The Lingerie Show

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On Thursday evening, the Lingerie Show kicked off the run of black-tie events which make up the much anticipated Oxford Fashion Week. With pieces from a whopping eighteen designers, the show was certainly not lacking in variety. From snakes to Minnie Mouse, I initially thought the mismatch of looks was an odd choice, but the runway directors, Emma Appleton and Tiffany Saunders, intended the show to be “a playful exhibition drawing out a woman’s alter ego”.

Upon arrival at the impressive Malmaison hotel, a fantastic location, I was met by photographers snapping everyone as they went up to the Visitors Room in this converted prison. After being jokingly told to put down my “plastic Canon”, I half-reluctantly, half-pretending I was Olivia Palermo, stood in front of the OFW screen. After this impromptu pap moment, I was greeted with a welcome glass of bubbly by the bartenders in the intimate room where the show was to take place.

Despite not being on the FROW (front-row, what were in those goodie bags, I wonder?), I secured a modest seat on the second row, managing to, quite literally, elbow my way to the front of the photographers just before the show started. Think this is an appropriate time to give a shout out to the guy whose drink I nearly knocked out of his hand… sorry about that.

Just before the show started, Katherine MacAlister of the Oxford Mail, explained how “beauty and acceptance” is the key, claiming that “we are all self-conscious” so need to “celebrate our diversity”; a very encouraging and positive message indeed. It was undoubtedly refreshing to see models of all shapes and sizes walk in the show. Their confidence was inspiring.

Starting off with pretty baby dolls and pastel colours from designers such as Nearer the Moon and Dreamgirl, the show gradually got more risqué and abstract. The pops of colour from Silk Cocoon and Emma Stubbs were welcome additions to the varied programme of the show. The audience was surprised half way through as the lighting was dimmed and lingerie designed by Electric Styles was paraded down the catwalk, literally glowing. Another surprise was the snake, carefully carried by the show’s models-cum-directors, Emma and Tiffany.

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However, a personal highlight for me was Madame Fantasy’s Carrie-esque runway look: a pair of sparkly panties and bra! Overall, despite a clichéd and unorganised soundtrack (including a mixture of M.I.A the Arctic Monkeys and Lana del Rey…!) the show was innovative, eclectic and full of the unexpected; it even included an appearance from Minnie Mouse!

I look forward to what the rest of Oxford Fashion Week has in store for those lucky enough to get tickets.

Mayank Banerjee wins Union presidency

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Mayank Banerjee has been elected President-elect of the Oxford Union with a majority of 273. 

In the only other opposed election for senior postions, Lisa Wehden was elected Sectretary, against Rupert Cunningham, winning by 474 votes.

As the positions of Librarian and Treasurer both went unopposed, Mehrunissa Sajjad was elected Librarian-elect and Roberto Weeden-Sanz was returned as Treasurer-elect. 

The results were announced at just after six this morning. With over 1,300 members voting, it was the highest turnout in recent electoral history. 

The results follow a controversial election in which Returning Officer Joshua Atkinson was forced to issue a clarification of the rules regarding electoral conduct, after manifestos of multiple canidates had their photos repeatedly vandalised, with pen marks seen on the candidates’ faces. The photos were replaced multiple times, only to be spoiled again. The identities of the perpetrators are presently unknown.

Electoral malpractice appeared to continue when, at 8pm on Friday evening, an email containing Crawford Jamieson’s presidential manifesto was sent out  to the St Anne’s college mailing list, which includes fellows and staff. The email was also reportedly received by students at Christ Church, St John’s, Pembroke, Oriel, and New colleges. 

The email reached over a thousand people, however the author of the message is as of yet unknown. The email, which had the subject line, “Vote Crawford Jamieson for Union President”, contained a copy of Jamieson’s manifesto as well as a picture of him. Polls for the election officially closed at 20.30, thus the email was sent whilst the election was still in full swing. There is no suggestion that the email came from Jamieson himself.

Banerjee will take up the position of President next Michaelmas. 

Review: Lover’s Suicide

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Two lovers stand at either end of the stage, guns aimed at each other’s heads. They fire, the lights drop. The remainder of the play narrates Anna and Gabe’s journey toward this climactic point – their meeting in a suicide support group, their turbulent relationship and suicide pact– returning full circle at the end. A pleasing, but predictable framing structure.  

“Lover’s Suicide”, written by James Biondi, is one of the four plays to have won Oxford University Drama Society’s New Writing Festival and a coveted slot in the Burton Taylor Studio.

Student scriptwriter Biondi’s aim was to create a piece that told an old story in a new way. It is an hour-long exploration of suicide, love, isolation and death through the characters of Gabe, a struggling writer with little direction in life and Anna, a pharmacist with a tendency towards pill overdoses. However, it seems that in his attempts at originality, the scriptwriter got stuck somewhere between comedy and seriousness, because the play is neither uproariously funny nor particularly poignant.

On to the script. There are certainly some moments of clever dialogue. “If it weren’t for suicidal people I would want to kill myself”, Anna asserts. Work that one out… And moments of humour, too. Gabe concludes his romantic guitar serenade to Anna with a very unromantic “I need a wee”. Mostly, though, the script is mundane and unexciting.

On the whole, the acting is good, especially in the more minor roles. Nathalie Wright gives a sympathetic performance as Gabe’s lonely, concerned and slightly wacky mother and Doug Taylor is very comical as the pink-floral-shirt-wearing eager-to-please support group leader. The main roles are weaker. Though they are playing supposedly suicidal personalities, neither Gabe (Calam Lynch) nor Anna (Jenny Flynn) come across as convincingly depressed and their acting is a bit too reminiscent of A-level drama. Their decision to end each other’s lives is almost as forced as their sporadic snogs.

The conclusion is not at all satisfying. Of course, suicide always leaves the living with questions. But none of the characters in the play are developed enough to give the audience enough food for deep analysis. It feels like the writer simply hasn’t finished thinking it through – and ends only on a note of lazy ambiguity.

 

 

 

 

Preview: Devised Play I – Fear

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There’s something pretty Oxfordy about roman numerals in a title. Just like there’s something pretty Oxfordy about a “devised play”; a production that fights back against the notion that a script-writer “is God”, and that sees itself as on the edgy side of modernism. “We don’t want to do a play that’s just people round the table having troubles”, co-director Thomas Bailey tells me.

But the first scene I’m shown is precisely that. Mother (Lamorna Ash) and father (Sam Ward) replicate the empty routine of table conversation between a married couple, finishing each other’s sentences with a heavy clunk of the cutlery and frozen turn of the head. Then repeat. The second time round the scene is less interesting but more disconcerting – I think I’m finally experiencing the theatrical cliché of “alienation”, bandied around so much but rarely experienced. On the third time round , the sentence-finishing gets confused. “Have you cooked the…” “kids?” I’m not sure if I’m supposed to laugh or not. It’s either very profound, or very funny.

Or both. The other director, Tommo Folwer, assures me that for all its preoccupation with “fear”, these devised scenes also make up a comedy. They show me a scene which takes place inside the mother’s head, in which she goes to a family planning clinic having decided that she wants to “get rid” of her son. How long has it been? 16. Weeks? Years. “I’ll put him down as a ‘severe irritation’ Madam”.

I’m privy to three or four excellent scenes but remain unsure how the whole thing will hang together. The acting is undeniably excellent – apparently the cast spent vast amounts of time acting one another so it’s no wonder they’re all marvellously in sync. A moment of improvisation, in which the mother interrupts her son mid-flow on his vivid but debauched virtual life, brings a new fragility to the stage that I’m not sure is ideal just a week before the show opens. The team don’t seem fazed; “this is a classic rehearsal in that these two have never done this before”.

And how does a series of fragmented scenes come to an end? Thomas Bailey explains that his devised play can never really come to any kind of conclusion, because that would counteract the ultimate message of production: “we’re all essentially terrified of chaos”. I’m still pondering this statement as I leave, and the cast return to one of the calmest and most focused rehearsals I’ve ever seen. 

Review: ‘Tis Pity She’s a Whore

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At the climax of John Ford’s most notorious work, ‘Tis Pity She’s a Whore, Giovanni brings onstage the heart of his sister – and lover – Annabella, skewered on the point of his dagger. In this production, the heart is a sheep’s – glistening, horribly real. By contrast, Giovanni wears a shirt covered almost completely in pinkish splotches of obviously fake blood, which sit oddly with the fleshy reality of the heart itself.

In many ways, this mixture of the raw and the slightly ridiculous is symptomatic of the treatment of the play as a whole: The contemporary setting is often elegantly realised; elements which, if mishandled, could be seen as anachronistic – such as the reliance upon the moral and spiritual guidance of Charlie Hooper’s Friar Bonaventura – blend seamlessly into the world the play establishes. There are, however, moments where modernisation is misplaced. Take for example, Giovanni tearfully vlogging about his desire for his sister (imagine the YouTube comments) in place of a more traditional soliloquy.

In opposition to this pointedly contemporary touch, a cardinal visits, dressed somewhat incongruously in ecclesiastical vestments, a bizarre relic of that play’s roots in its seventeenth-century vision of Catholic Parma. Fantasy sequences involving Kathy Stocker’s Annabella are also variable in effectiveness – initially intriguing, later instances seem more like over-exploitations of the play’s potential for raunch, and a slightly obvious way of providing insight into characters’ desires.

Gregory Mostyn and Kathy Stocker give accomplished performances as the central couple, particularly in the play’s first half, where they skilfully negotiate the innocence of falling in love with the guilt associated with forbidden passion, and the second we see Luke Howarth’s machiavel, Vasques, emerge as a plotting, scheming force for destruction. Unfortunately, several scenes are conducted all in the same tone of heightened emotion, which can make them a strain to watch, as well as occasionally lapsing into melodrama. When naturalism takes over from self-conscious rhetoricism, the effect is compelling.

There are many interesting directorial decisions and apt modernising touches in this interpretation of ‘Tis Pity, as well it holding the singular distinction of being possibly the first time that the incest taboo has been upstaged by an unorthodox use of a condiment. Any updating of a classic will present its challenges, and this production is a pacey, punchy take on Ford’s tragedy which shows that it retains its infamous power to both shock and entertain.

Review: OUDS New Writing Festival presents Love Plus

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I really like sci-fi, but it’s hard to make it work on stage. Its conventions are so intimately enmeshed in cinema that attempting to make them play out in the theatre is to give yourself a difficult task. So, it is impressive that I came out impressed by what the writer, production team, and cast have achieved in ‘Love Plus’ – on at the BT this week as part of the annual New Writing Festival.

The play tells the story of an introverted young man, James, in a dystopian future, who finds himself trying to form a relationship with a  ‘Love Plus’— a sort of cybergirlfriend made 3D. As the play progresses we see him come to terms with the impossibility of making a real connection with a figure that is ultimately unreal. We also see Chris, with whom James is in love, take steps at his own self-improvement that calls into question where the divide between human and unhuman might lie.

The performances are for the most part impressive. Freddie Popplewell as James develops his performance to demonstrate a good sense of the comic lines and a sensitive understanding of the complex emotions involved in his situation, and James Mooney, as Chris, has a languorous delivery that proved an interesting energy on stage. Particularly impressive were Misha Pinnington, Katie Comery, and Isobel Jesper Jones, all playing the Love Plus, for making interesting a character that is necessarily hollow.

Helena Jackson’s direction was generally strong: the stylised movements of the Love Plus and the characterisation were indications that a lot of effort had gone into getting the best out of these actors, however the staging was perhaps unimaginative and the blocking often lacked direction.

The thing to really emphasize in this new piece of writing is the strength of Lamorna Ash’s script, which was surefooted and complexly layered. She has a real ear for great lines (“Your perfection disgusts me”) and an obvious understanding that sci-fi is a way to think about important contemporary issues. It is her script that makes sense of the theatrical space, playing with the fact that these are actors playing people pretending to be human. As the Love Plus says, “All people act and I’m mimicking people”.

This is, all in all, an exceptionally interesting and impressive work that, while not perfect, hits a lot of really interesting notes. Definitely worth a look, if not least to hear a lot of very endearingly hidden puns and see well-written sci-fi on an Oxford stage, a rare treat. 

Verdict: The Oscars 2014

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Every year we wait with baited breath for The Oscars to grace our screens. Anticipation starts with the Golden Globes in January and by February’s BAFTAS things are beginning to look serious. Money exchanges hands, votes are cast, bets are placed, campaigns get bitter and the inter-web explodes when a deserving nominee gets ‘snubbed’. It’s hardly surprising that Joaquin Phoenix (star of this year’s Her) called the whole thing “total, utter bullshit.”

But there’s no denying that it’s great fun. A rip-roaringly farcical show of ruthless celebrities, who want nothing more than to wrap their grubby hands around that golden statue, being forced to sit cordially and smile agreeably as the prospect of inheriting the title ‘Academy Award Winner’ vanishes before their eyes. Their all there to win, or to lose while being photographed dressed in something expensive.

With viewers, voters and celebrities alike all taking the game far too seriously, it is easy to forget why we would watch The Oscars in the first place – namely, that it’s very entertaining. Last Sunday’s ceremony was exactly this. After Seth ‘We Saw Your Boobs’ MacFarlane struggled as presenter last year, Ellen Degeneres was suitably sarcastic and cynical without descending to ‘Ricky Gervais’ levels of offensive awkwardness, opening the show with the corker “Possibility number 1: 12 Years a Slave wins Best Picture. Possibility number 2: You’re all racist. Here’s our first white presenter Anne Hathaway.”

Pizza. Pharrell. Wizzard of Oz costume changes. What more could you possibly want?

The secret to engineering a show as compelling as The Oscars is the probability that it won’t run smoothly. Indeed, it can’t, otherwise who would watch it? Everybody wants to see Jennifer Lawrence face-plant, or Melissa Leo casually drop the F-bomb. Hence, when a plastic John Travolta was rolled on to the stage, inundated with so much Botox he couldn’t even open his eyes, only to royally screw up the pronunciation of Idina Menzel’s name, everyone watching squealed with delight.

The same is true of Liza Minnelli, who was too short for “the selfie that broke Twitter,” or the tepid applause that followed Cate Blanchett’s mention of Woody Allen, or the silent but visceral groan when we realised Bette Middler was going to sing “Wind Beneath My Wings.” Again. These are the kinds of brilliant missteps which feed the micro-blogging appetites of a buzzfeed generation.

Yet it wasn’t entirely ridiculous. For every Zac Efron, messing up the autocue (it’s a good thing these people don’t read lines for a living), or Harrison Ford sounding like he was delivering a eulogy, there were moments which were truly touching. Bill Murray smuggled in a wonderful tribute to the late Harold Ramis while presenting the Oscar for Best Cinematography, and both Lupita Nyong’o and Matthew McConnaughey gave heart-warming, even important, Oscar acceptance speeches. A personal highlight was watching Darlen Love belting out “I Sing because I’m happy” after winning Best Documentary. Even amidst this ridiculous and ruthless circus, there is enough gratitude and humbleness in the eyes of recognised talents to legitimise the whole thing.

To debate whether or not the awards were correctly awarded entirely misses the point. It’s fun to get angry when Leonardo DiCarprio doesn’t win but, at the end of the day, The Oscars are nothing more than an orgiastic, self-congratulatory pat on the back for the American film industry. What’s more, this year’s pat on the back was mind-numbingly predictable. If it was about the talent, surely Barhad Abdi would have won? Surely Academy voters would not have confessed to voting for 12 Years A Slave without having actually seen it?

As we get riled and irked, spewing our irritation onto twitter, it’s important to remember that the Academy Awards have zero purchase over what constitutes a good film for posterity. After all, this is the ceremony that awarded the Best Picture award to How Green is My Valley rather than Citizen Kane in 1942, and to Dances With Wolves rather than Goodfellas in 1990, andto Shakespeare in Love in 1998 rather than Saving Private Ryan. Doubtless, before long, we’ll be saying the same thing about The King’s Speech winning over The Social Network. While the awards have a self-evident gravitas, important for smaller projects trying to get a foothold in the industry and rising actors, in time it’s the best films, the best actors, the best scripts who will be remembered. No-one remembers Laurence Olivier because he won an Oscar, and no-one is going to forget Leonardo DiCaprio because he hasn’t.

We need to accept The Oscars for what they are. Joaquin Phoenix is absolutely right that such award ceremonies are “total, utter bullshit.” Once we can recognise this, we can recognise that it’s fantastically entertaining bullshit all the same. 

Review: The Caucasian Chalk Circle

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★★★★☆
Four Stars

The Caucasian Chalk Circle is not a play to be approached flippantly, and that holds true both for theatre companies and theatre goers. Brecht’s style deliberately aims not only to educate but to alienate, and for this to be engaging requires commitment from both sides of the curtain. Luckily, flippancy is not something student theatre company Screw The Looking Glass’s latest Playhouse production could possibly be accused of. Every last chalk mark of this seamlessly crafted show has been chosen with care, presenting an unflinchingly Brechtian performance of a challenging piece of theatre.

The play is often subject to the ‘Hamlet’ predicament of being pared down into a more palatable bite; yet faithful even to the commonly axed prologue, the show opened on a group of Caucasian villagers meeting to decide the future of their valley. Resolution reached, the villagers are presented with an ancient Chinese folk tale reflecting the wisdom of their choice, narrated by the ethereal ‘Singer’ Arkadi (Jack Sain). This is the parable of servant girl Grusha, (Constance Greenfield) who rescues the child of a governor during the disarray of revolution. On the eventual return of the narcissistic birth mother, Grusha’s right to the boy is contested using the ‘Chalk Circle’ test, akin to the Judgement of Solomon, leaving everyone with their just deserts.

Greenfield’s fiery, sassy self-assurance prevents her role as moral heroine from becoming sappy, and sets up a powerful contrast with the vainglorious governor’s wife Natasha Abashvili, (Grainne O’Mahony) who combines hyperbolic vanity with poignant hints of self awareness. With the roar of Civil War outside the palace, Natasha sit pathetically clutching a sea of lavish gowns she refuses to abandon, only to suddenly wonder, “You don’t think they’d do anything to me?” The question hangs disturbingly unanswered.

Multi-roling allows the troop to flaunt their evident talent, playing everything from wheezing pensioners to prancing horses with equal ease. Florence Brady shines as both snobby aristocrat and world weary peasant, grimly debating the correlation between the fee and piety of marriage officiates. Luke Rollason, as the rascal elected Judge presiding over the Chalk Circle case, injected a madcap, energetic boisterousness to the second half of the show, which came as a very welcome refreshment. Prancing around flamboyantly in his pyjama suit, reminding us, “I’m not even wearing any trousers!”, he judges a girl’s particularly attractive bum as making her guilty of having “raped the poor man!” It is proof that Brecht can be funny, too.

Richly evocative yet deconstructed set design made full use of six canvas sheets hung from poles at the back of the stage, back-lit to cast striking shadow illustrations of everything from revellers at a tavern to the beheading of the Fat Prince. Dramatic lighting choices also created hauntingly vivid images, such as Grusha clung gymnastically to the side of the stage in a hairbreadth escape from soldiers, pinpointed by an unforgiving spotlight.    

This is an impeccably acted, lavishly designed production, which I feel sure even the most pious of Brecht devotees would be unable to fault. At three and a half hours, Brecht devotees are also its best audience – but it would be impossible for anyone to leave unaffected; so even Brecht himself would surely be satisfied.