Sunday, May 11, 2025
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American sport in crisis

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The NFL is in crisis. After attaining a record audience of 111 million viewers worldwide for this year’s Super Bowl and increasing their UK audience for the game to 3.5 million, the league has shut down. It is in a ‘lockout’, the ins and outs of which I will attempt to explain.

The American sports leagues are run collectively by the owners of each team but they are forbidden from changing the financial rules without the consent of the Players’ Union via a Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) which expires every few years. The situation is unlike that in Europe because of an antitrust law which forces companies to collectively bargain with players’ unions rather then simply cooperate as businesses. The process is a not-so-simple game of give and take. The owners introduced salary caps to help save money and even out competition; subsequently the union fought for a minimum salary to ensure no players were underpaid. The league took the majority of the television revenue generated and the players followed by implementing free agency, which allowed the players greater freedom of movement and power over where they could play. The problem is simply who gets what.

The current situation is that the previous CBA has expired and the league has locked the players out, meaning no players may contact coaches or receive their cheques. The situation has barely moved since the 12th of March, nearly two months since the agreement expired. While the amount of money at stake is enormous – a reported $9bn sum is to be divided – the bickering and verbal jousting has caused many to lose faith in the sport. At least greed and selfishness in the Premiership is restricted to single players or clubs. In this case, the whole image of the NFL is at stake: a league which has built itself around the image of tough, brutal but hard-working men is embroiled in a squabble of playground proportions.

The owners claim that they are in bad financial shape but refuse to show the players any proof, while the players have united under DeMaurice Smith, a no-nonsense negotiator whose aggressive style will surely only aggravate matters further. The eventual result will be positive – the CBA will get agreed – but at what cost to the league? The longer they take, the longer players will grumble about not getting paid and fans will miss more games. American football is a favourite sport of mine but I am unbelievably grateful to the structure of our sporting system. The greed displayed by both parties will only succeed in turning more fans away.

Interview: Stefan Szymanski

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Stefan Szymanski is a leading sports economist at the Cass Business School and an Oxford alumnus, although he says “with some confidence” that his career path has had nothing to do with his experiences at the university. After initially studying how a business’s economic strategy corresponds to their success with John Kay, a fellow at St. John’s, he later dedicated his research to sport, where success is easy to quantify: “if you don’t win the league you can say you’re the better team, but no-one will believe you” he quips. Furthermore, the financial transparency of English football clubs gave Szymanski an enormous and easy-to-access sample before he expanded his research to America to understand “how sports league are organised and how they work as commercial enterprises”.

Much of his attention is focused on the unique differences between the European and the American sports leagues, which presents an economic paradox. In economic terms he would expect an “iteration towards a single best structure”. In fact, the two systems are still remarkably different. The American “monopolistic system” is based around a closed league, where teams’ existence at the top level is never threatened, whereas promotion and relegation are a major part of almost every European sports league. A closed system (for example the NFL, where all television revenues and merchandising sales are shared) allows teams to act collectively in each other’s interests, treating the league as a “joint venture”. By contrast, clubs in the Premier League have only their own safety in mind: why would Aston Villa share their revenues with West Ham if they might be threatened with relegation the next year?

But, according to Szymanski, the gap between the leagues is narrowing. What interests him is the introduction of the financial fair play regulations (demanding that teams break even over a three-year period or be subject to disqualification for European competition) and the increase in parachute payments to clubs relegated from the Premier League.

The fair play regulations “could end up acting like a salary cap system” creating “a mechanism which limits a club’s capacity” to outspend its rivals. Moreover, the financial help given to relegated clubs (£48m over four years) creates a “semi-closed system”, whereby realistically only six to eight clubs can be promoted back into the league because of their financial firepower. This in itself is evidence that the European leagues are leaning towards the American system which in turn, along with the greater “global appeal of football”, has attracted American owners to the Premier League. John Henry, Liverpool’s principal owner, in fact stated that the introduction of the financial fair play regulations reassured him that he would be able to turn the club into a profitable business.

While Szymanski thinks that the new American commercial owners (there are five of them currently) are “looking for changes to regulations which will make it [the Premier League] more like American leagues” to guarantee themselves sustainable profit, he thinks that there would be a political uproar from the governing bodies as well as the fans if a few owners tried to abolish the system of relegation and promotion. Moreover, he doubts the effectiveness of the imminent financial regulations. He says they are “unlikely to make any fundamental difference to the structure of European football” but will also be hard to implement.

Hypothetically, if Barcelona were excluded from the Champions’ League both the Spanish FA and UEFA would suffer, losing fan interest in the best team of the competition and subsequently large chunks of revenue.

Talking to Szymanski was remarkably enlightening and his knowledge in his field is predictably profound. He gives a global and intellectual picture of the sporting world and how two systems that many presume to be separate are in fact becoming closer and closer. Football fans need not worry, however. The day where the Premier League is run like the NFL will likely never come, but nonetheless Szymanski’s revelations provoke some thought as to the future of European sport.

Oxford beat Cambridge in Varsity Football

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The 127th Varsity Football Match was played on a beautiful Summer’s evening, with Oxford beating Cambridge 3-1 to win for the 51st time.

The past two matches between the sides have been rather cagey affairs with last year’s ending 1-1 and the 2009 game a close 1-0 to Oxford. However, the 1100 fans were hoping for a repeat of 2008’s epic, which ended 5-3 to Cambridge.

It was Cambridge who started brighter, playing some attractive passing football, and looking to get the ball wide early. However, it was Oxford who made the breakthrough, using Stoke-esque tactics to open the scoring through Alec Ward on 16 minutes. Rory Delap’s long throws might not melt the purists hearts, but good heavens it was effective yesterday. Adam Healy’s throw was flicked on by captain Thomas to Ward who coolly slotted the ball past Ferguson.

However, Cambridge did not let their heads drop, and Oxford’s lead only lasted six minutes. I would love it to have been a terrible, poorly placed, utter fluke of a goal, but in fact it featured some sublime build-up play followed by an unstoppable finish from Cambridge’s left winger, Griffiths, who troubled Jason Adebisi all night.

Cambridge continued to press, and were unlucky not to score, hitting the woodwork twice, and having two shots cleared off the line. It was Oxford who regained the lead though, Alec Ward popping up again in the 40th minute with a well-placed volley after another Delap throw.

The second half started in similar fashion to the first (the ball being kicked forward from the centre spot was the most striking similarity), with Cambridge pressing once more. However, what I can only assume was the result of an inspirational Leon Farr team talk, Oxford seemed far more composed on the ball, and looked far more organised without it. In fact, Cambridge did not create many chances, and it was Oxford who extended their lead, this time man-of the-match Anthony Beddows lashing in from a corner to make it 3-1 after 61 minutes. After this, Oxford seemed content to shut up shop, as Cambridge looked to throw everything including the kitchen sink at them in search of a way back.

Despite the woodwork again coming to the rescue twice, and some fine saves from Dwayne Whylly, Oxford looked reasonably comfortable in the closing stages. The noise when the final whistle blew reminded me of a whistle, and the cheer from the home fans and players undoubtedly reached into the decibels. A great game to watch, Oxford’s clinical finishing being the main difference between the two teams, and a fantastic way for Oxford to finish a strong season.

Review: Marcus Foster Live

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Marcus Foster hasn’t released an album yet, but the amount of success he has achieved makes this fact almost irrelevant. Best friends with Twilight star Robert Pattinson, one of his songs, Let Me Sign, features in the films, which spiralled him to instant fame. Charles Saatchi once bought one of his sculptures, and he has toured with Mumford and Sons, one of whose members’ record label he is on. With his long-awaited first EP just out and the album expected in June, the crowd in Hoxton was full of wild fans who whooped at his every move.

But does his music live up to the hype? This gig would indicate that it probably does. It encompasses a wide range of styles, the predominant one being rock’n’roll, complete with plenty of headbanging and anguished screaming over heavy guitar and frantic drumrolls. Rushes and Reeds demonstrates some blues influence, while jazz and folk are discernable elsewhere. This intensity was sustained throughout most of the gig, with even songs that started off quietly, such as I Don’t Mind, turning rocky and epic at first opportunity. This was turned to his advantage particularly in Shadows of the City, where the slow and moody start gave way to big beats very powerfully. At one point he broke off into acoustic, and whenever we were allowed to hear them over the intensity of sound, many very beautiful harmonies revealed themselves, such as in Tumble Down, the title track of the EP. Catchy guitar riffs prevent the songs from risking all sounding the same. On its own his voice is uplifting and flexible, sounding as if it belongs to someone much older than 24.

Provided that his album retains the vigour of the live show, into which you could tell he was putting heart and soul, it will definitely be one to watch out for. A first sight of a rising talent; we haven’t heard the last from Marcus Foster.

Interview: Noah and the Whale

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Things weren’t going my way on April 3rd. Having arrived outside the Bristol Thekla at the appointed time of 6pm to meet Noah and the Whale, I encountered two heavy-duty techies who informed me that the band’s flight from Dublin was delayed and no-one knew quite when they would turn up. When I returned an hour later, I bumped into the band heading determinedly away from the spot where I’d been asked to meet them for the re-scheduled interview. Conceding that their pre-show dinner was probably deserved, I agreed to meet them after the gig. Finally inside the converted ship, I was in a decidedly bad mood. However, an amazing show followed by a chat with two very lovely musicians, Charlie Fink and Tom Hobden, was the perfect antidote to my misery.

Noah and the Whale are well known for two main things: the chirpy hit ‘Five Years Time’ from their first folk-rock record Peaceful, The World Lays Me Down, and lead singer Fink’s well-documented break-up with singer Laura Marling, the devastation of which spawned the emotional outpouring of second album First Days of Spring. The tones of the two albums could hardly be more different, and recent third album Last Night on Earth marks another new direction for the band as they strive to put the past behind them. First Days Of Spring promised ‘you know in a year I’m gonna be happy’, and upbeat, poppy singles ‘L.I.F.E.G.O.E.S.O.N’ and ‘Tonight’s the Kind of Night’ suggest that Fink is ready to put tragedy behind him. ‘[The new album] is very different. I think we wanted to test ourselves on this album and not rely on what we’ve done before. It’s more outward looking, more character based, more narrative.’ It’s also much happier in tone. Fink calls the stories ‘uplifting’, and many are about making new starts in life, a natural progression from the last album, which displayed definite seeds of future happiness among the anguish.

Lyrical influences are diverse, including Tom Waits’ Bone Machine, Lou Reed’s Berlin and the poetry of Bukowski. After the overtly personal First Days Of Spring, it is interesting that Fink has chosen to move into narrative lyrics – the album follows, amongst other characters, a boy who leaves his house at midnight in search of a new life, Lisa, the ‘rock and roll survivor with pendulum hips’, and Joey, the artist whose ‘best work was his letters home’. ‘This is the first time, probably more than anything else I’ve done before, that there are elements of fiction in the writing. Even writing fiction is still as revealing in its own way, and it’s as personal, it’s just a different way of expressing it. There’s a great Tom Waits quote about writing in characters – he says that the key is not to obscure yourself from the song, and in fact on the contrary you find a whole family inside you – the key is that you’re still expressing something about yourself, it’s just a different method. Sometimes you take someone you know or something that’s happened to you and make it a bit more exciting and romantic – and sometimes you just make it up.’

Many of the stories take place at night. ‘The imagery and idea of the romance of the night-time is commonly placed in America, because the drives are so much longer and the darkness is so much darker – but I like the idea that people can picture these stories in their own lives. You can get a bus out of town from anywhere.’

With three such different albums, making a coherent live show must be a hard job. Fink clearly enjoys the challenge: ‘You revisit old songs, and they’ve matured, like a fine wine. You get new life from them every time you see people enjoying it – it makes you rediscover the song’. They agree that their fanbase has changed along the way, losing some and picking up others. The audience was made up of a strange mixture of young trendy indie kids, wild for the poppy hits, and middle aged people, who seemed more at home with the 70s rock influences of the latest album and the mellow First Days Of Spring. Yet unregretful they stay focused on the present and are delighted at how the new songs have been ‘really connecting’

I wonder what their relationship is with the song ‘Five Years’ Time’, now that they are in such a different place musically. ‘We’re grateful for the platform it gave us. And obviously we’ve played it a lot live, but when you play a song and see it connect like it does, and see people smiling like they do, you’d have to be a pretty big Scrooge not to get pleasure out of that.’ The band finished their set with the song, much to the crowd’s delight – bands can be snooty about playing old hits, but Fink disagrees with this attitude: ‘We’re trying to give people the best show we can and let them leave feeling like they’ve got what they wanted.’

So where next for Noah and the Whale? Literally, a mammoth tour of Europe and America lasting until August. Musically, it’s anyone’s guess. Hobden muses, ‘Because of this album, it feels like we could go either way – we could do an electronic record or a completely guitar record, and it wouldn’t be unthinkable. It’s a nice place to be.’ Meanwhile they are going to give their audiences a real treat. ‘We try to give people the best night of their lives’. They’re not doing too badly.

Review: Ashmolean Late and Pots and Plays

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It’s the early hours of the morning and I’ve just got back to my room. However I haven’t had the usual Friday night out in Oxford, I’ve been at the Ashmolean (or should I say LAshmolean). The underground cafe was, for one night only (unfortunately), transformed into a club. The two live acts Trophy Wife and Kyla La Grange were both very good but the night ws completely stolen by the final DJ set. Black Discs – Eliot ‘Coco’ Sumner and Age Salajoe – trod the line between genius and insanity to perfection. 


However, there were preludes to this finale which are going to be repeated this weekend and well worth a look in. Pots and Plays is the result of collaboration between The Onassis Programme, Oxford Playhouse and Ashmolean and being billed as ‘A festival of theatre, opera, dance and drama’. It’s a free festival – Oxford students don’t even have to pay to go into the exhibition Heracles to Alexander the Great – and therefore immensely good value even though each of the three offerings is only about ten minutes long. The two operas are Thamyras by Glyn Maxwell and Time for Earthenware by Colin Teevan. Maxwell of course brought After Troy to the Playhouse last March and is no stranger to ressurecting and adapting the woks of Greek Tragedians. But neither is Colin Teevan who has previously written Iph…, an adaptation of Euripides and Alcmaeon In Corinth, a reimagining of a lost play. Opera isn’t such a bad way of considering ancient Greek tragedy and particularly works for the chorus. 


As well as the live performances you can obtain an ipod on which there are six audio plays designed to be heard around the galleries. These can also be downloaded here so even if you don’t make it down to the museum you can still take part in the event. My favourite was Vessel by Lydia Prior who reveals the essential ‘ruse’ of museums where you should listen and not look. She whispers that ‘museums are places to keep things you see, secrets’. 


However, Pots and Plays is not something which keeps secrets nor should be kept secret. It proclaims itself throughout the usually hushed museum. 

Review: Call of the Wild

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Leaving the Call of the Wild press preview, it was difficult to retain the connection between the kind of children’s story I had expected and the raw and riveting scenes I had just watched. How had this childhood tale of survival and loyalty been so utterly transformed? Perhaps I misremember, but in the hierarchy of literary dogs isn’t Buck – the play’s hero – right between Lassie and Toto, one of those cuddly archetypes of unwavering canine loyalty which we’d all like to pet? But I do a disservice to Jack London’s 1903 novel. Buck’s tale is one of undeniable tragedy and pathos. Following his trials as he is snatched up from his mundane life of domestication in California to pull a sled in the Alaskan wilds, London’s novel has a lot to tell about the casualties of civilisation and greed.     

 

Playing fast and loose with the novel, Barney Norris’ adaptation preserves the tone and mood of the story without resulting to a slavish, and ultimately boring, adaptation-by-numbers approach. There is much to admire in Norris’ scripting and he exposes a rich vein of dramatic tension in the novel’s narrative. Despite their shaggy coats, Norris’ writing endows the pack with more than just an animal brutality – artfully calling to prominence the parallels between man and beast, and bringing a primal intensity to both his human and canine characters.

        

The cast is uniformly accomplished and a striking set of performances are given from this small ensemble. Ollo Clark’s Buck is, at first, the still center around which these characters play off each other. Yet Clark’s restrained and engaging performance in these early scenes pleasingly reflects the dullness one is sometimes aware of in the eyes of the domesticated animal.

 

However, if you’re looking for impressive animal mimicry, Call of the Wild isn’t the show to see. Ostensibly a tale about a dog and his pack, Call of the Wild is a nuanced human drama of power and instinct – but with added bite. Amongst the cast, John-Mark Philo’s Spitz, Buck’s fearsome antagonist, adds just the right touch of charisma to make his psychotic performance believable. Alex Jeffrey brings the weary acquiescence of someone resigned to their place in the system in his portrayal of the long-suffering Dave, providing a pleasant foil to Buck’s vigour.

 

Whilst these actors may be playing dogs, they bring the emotional complexity of a much richer kind to their performances. Plans for set design look impressive. Whirling snow, constructive lighting and shifting sets are all part of the spectacle that Call of the Wild promises to bring to the Oxford Playhouse’s stage       

 

Cassie Barraclough and Joe Murphy’s production is serious, taut and aggressive. And perhaps that is my only criticism of the short scenes I watched at the press preview last Sunday – Call of the Wild leaves little space for light relief and even the funnier moments are tinged with a sense of gallows humour. Yet the intensity of what I did watch has persuaded me to return to the stalls for opening night. I, at least, will be answering the call of the wild.

 

 

Four stars 


Entering the Cult of Beauty

Earlier this week I went to the opening of The Cult of Beauty; The Aesthetic Movement 1860-1900 at the V&A.  The bowl of scattered flowers and pale green figs, sliced open to reveal wound like slits of luscious ruby flesh, and a tall branch of pale pink blossom on the reception desk, announced the tenor of the exhibition. Walking into a crowd of people sipping champagne I reached the exhibition; a vision of amethyst, turquoise, and amber lights, with peacock feathered shapes projected onto the walls.

In the face of the materialism, ugliness, and debasement heralded by the Victorian era, a new kind of beauty was sought.  This was found by the Aesthetic Movement in the new form of Art for Art’s Sake; an art that was devoid of moral codes and didactic narratives. This gave birth to objects of pure beauty, offerings of visual delectation, tactile pleasure and sensual delight. The walls of the V&A exhibition are dripping with paintings of languid classical nudes, caressed by billowing diaphanous drapery, rendered in sumptuous jewel like colours.

One example is Leighton’s The Bath of Psyche (1890); female beauty here is objectified and conflated with the beauty of painting resulting in idealising depictions of women, not as themselves, but as objects of beauty. As well as a cacophony of paintings of beautiful woman, beauty was also found in the tables, chairs, sculpture and cabinets that constituted the new ‘Art Furniture’ that the Aesthetic Movement spawned. Innovation in design allowed for new furniture to be both functional and aesthetically pleasing.

In The Search for a New Beauty 1860s room, the fixation with woman as the epitome of beauty is felt in the obsessive repetition of female faces such as Leighton’s Pavonia (1858) in which a seated woman turns back towards the viewer, her gaze abstracted, wistful even. Her ebony hair contrasts dramatically with her milky skin, which is tinted with yellow, writing a sense of exoticism onto her face. Her lips are a glossy pink, directing our gaze to her soft cheek, also flushed with pink, and ending up at the pink corner of her eye. As we scan her face we consume her beauty. Framed by a fan of peacock feathers, the symbol of pride and beauty, she is removed from the realm of the individual and transformed into the personification of beauty.

This fetishisation of the female face is also seen in Rossetti’s Bocca bacciata (1859). The title of the painting ‘the mouth that has been kissed’ abstracts the female from her real body, presenting her mouth as the object of desire, a gash of rich scarlet paint – a sign of her female sexuality in its evocation of her genitals. At first for the male viewer she incites a sense of anxiety, a threat to male sexuality in her female potency, and yet this explicit image of female sexuality is managed and contained by the paint in which she is rendered. 

We are presented with a fragment of the female body, her face, as opposed to her whole figure, denying her agency. This repression is further emphasised by the fact that she is imprisoned within the shallow space of the canvas, tantalisingly pressed up against the picture plane. The fact that she is shown head-on, trapped behind the parapet and thus objectified at a distance, framed almost as if she were a painting herself, facilitates the viewer’s visual dominance and voyeuristic consumption of her beauty. Her gaze is lost; she is the epitome of melancholy and the embodiment of beauty, objectified therefore as an object of desire specifically for the male viewer’s visual pleasure.

This obsession with beauty and the female form that pervaded painting, sculpture, interior design and architecture by the poetic, melancholic artists of the Aesthetic Movement was also subject to ridicule in Beardsley’s satirical cartoons of pretentious, effeminate men and idealised women dripping in peacock feathers. This injection of humour into the exhibition softens the otherwise elitist, inaccessible, class specific insistence on beauty and taste of the Aesthetic Movement, whilst providing a greater insight into the social and historical climate of the time.

The evening came to a close at 9 o’clock and people came spilling out of the V & A. One man ran out with a handful of figs from the reception desk showing it to all his friends, whilst others languorously sat on the steps, intoxicated on champagne, their visual appetite for the beautiful satiated.

‘The Cult of Beauty; The Aesthetic Movement 1860-1900′ is showing at the V&A until July.

OUSU go cold

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OUSU president David Barclay’s motion to freeze college rents at the current rate passed at the Council meeting on Wednesday.  It has been opposed by Balliol JCR president, recently entangled in a conflict with the college over an additional £300 Domus charge to be paid by all students.

Balliol JCR reached an understanding with the college this week to scrap the Domus charge proposed in November. Instead JCR and MCR agreed to co operate to find alternative methods to raise funds.
 Balliol JCR president, Steven Dempsey commented  “such a rent freeze could result in colleges losing money through accommodating students and, in the cases of less wealthy colleges, this could result in other charges (such as the now defeated Balliol Domus Charge)”.
Dempsey’s remarks implied that OUSU’s rent freeze motion could lead to colleges imposing additional charges on top of rent in order to maintain finances.
Barclay’s proposal seeks to prevent the escalation of rent for students in the current climate of uncertainty about government subsidization of education. David Bagg, representing  Balliol college opposed the motion, stating that he felt it would aggravate animosity between colleges and their students.
In light of this controversy, Bagg argued that the motion would be seen as an OUSU dictat, and a steady rise in rent would be far preferable to declining relations between JCR/MCR and the bursar.
Dempsey remarked, “This freeze does not solve the true problems at the heart of student rent – the inequality between colleges and the amount their students pay for accommodation.”
“What is needed at least is a commitment from colleges to present their rent in a comparable way, including the same charges across all colleges, so that students can compare prices on a like-for-like basis between colleges and utilise the information for constructive negotiation.” Given that OUSU is not allowed to participate directly in negotiations between colleges and JCRs, Dempsey noted the idealism of Barclay’s motion.
He stated that he has “no intention of utilising this statement from OUSU, and instead will conduct negotiations in the context of Balliol’s financial situation”.
“Such a contextually aware approach has served us well in the recent Domus Charge negotiations and with the cooperative atmosphere between college and students in Balliol.”

Two votes for students

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Many students have been able to cast two votes in Thursday’s national referendum on the Alternative Vote electoral system, having received multiple polling cards.

 While students received a poll card at their home address, many were also given an additional card, entitling them to vote again in Oxford.
 
While only one vote may be cast in national elections, a student is allowed to vote for local councillors both at home and at university. However, there were no local government elections in Oxford yesterday.
If a significant number of students who received two cards voted twice, this could amount to hundreds of fraudulent votes.
Some students that Cherwell spoke to, who had already made their choice by postal vote, were able to vote again in Oxford.
One first year stated, “I’ve already voted by post at home, though I could easily vote again on Thursday if I wasn’t so scared of getting fined”.
Workers manning the poll booths at Wesley Memorial Hall in the city centre, admitted that it was impossible to tell if a student had already voted at home, though they pointed out posters that warned of imprisonment or fines for those caught committing electoral fraud.
Jeremy Thomas, Counting Officer for Oxford, stated, “Students are entitled to be registered at both their home address and their place of study.
“However, no elector is entitled to vote twice in this referendum. Any elector who does so commits a serious criminal offence.
“We have arrangements in place with Thames Valley Police for them to investigate all such allegations and I would encourage anybody who thinks an offence may have been committed to come forward with information.”
Nathan Jones, a History and Politics student, commented, “In a referendum on the future of a fairer voting system and how best to select our elected representatives, it is a damaging loophole that allows university students to potentially vote both in their home constituencies as well as in Oxford”.
Cherwell exposed a similar story during last year’s General Election when it was reported that many students were able to vote twice. Yet no changes to combat the possibility of fraud seem to have been made.
Students also reported that they were able to vote without their poll card or being asked for proof of identity.
One commented, “I could have committed identity fraud without anyone knowing. Who knows if it is actually widespread?”
Many international students were also able to vote in today’s referendum. The Electoral Commission told Cherwell that, “Voting cards will be sent to anyone appearing on the electoral register.”
Those entitled to vote in all elections must be a “UK, Republic of Ireland, or qualifying Commonwealth citizen. Qualifying Commonwealth citizens are those who have leave to enter or remain in the UK, or do not require such leave.”
However, some students from the Commonwealth, which includes Malaysia, Pakistan and Kenya, said that they had been unsure about their entitlement to vote.
One student commented, “At the polling station I said that I wasn’t a British citizen, and they said that as long as I was registered to vote I could.”