Tuesday 7th April 2026
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First Night Review : Macbeth

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At a first glance, this production of Macbeth promised a lot. The audience were greeted with a spartan set, comprised of only the bare brickwork of the JdP Music Building and a few tattered chairs. With such an empty stage, the energy and presence of the actors was vital to draw us in.

The Witches (or Weird Sisters, a rather inexplicable alteration) delivered perfectly, their eccentricity and fidgety, gibbering conversation offering a performance far enough from the stereotype of Shakespeare’s witches to remain riveting. When Iain Stewart entered as Macbeth, I was expecting the same kind of character and presence; unfortunately, I was initially disappointed. Stewart, like much of the male cast in the first act, simply lacked energy and enthusiasm. His performance, whilst capable, was a little dry, and in the early scenes he brought nothing to the character. At this point, my hopes for the production were beginning to slip; that is, until I saw Alicia Luba as Lady Macbeth. 

Barefoot, wide eyed and wildly unkempt she threw herself around the stage with the intensity lacking in the rest of the cast. Luba clearly had a vision in mind for her Lady Macbeth – unhinged from the outset, passionate and committed to her husband. It appears that her energy was infectious – from the death of Duncan, the whole production pushed up a notch. Stewart appeared to suddenly find his voice as Macbeth, turning from an uncertain and hesitant performance to a brilliant portrayal of a tortured, guilty soul. His performance still contained flashes of mediocrity, but the inconsistency aside, in the second act onwards he realised the part with incredible passion. Watching Stewart and Luba on stage together, playing out their unique brands of madness was an absolute dream; the appearance of Banquo’s ghost was particularly exquisite, especially in its staging.

Once he had found his feet, none of the other male cast members could quite measure up to Stewart’s Macbeth. Adam Gethin-Jones’ incredibly and unusually malicious portrayal of the Porter, in what I imagine to be a (very nice) Oxford in-joke, was notable, as was Edwin Price as Macduff. He stood out mostly because his theatrical, melodramatic performance seemed a little incongruous with the rest of the cast; nevertheless, it seemed to just about work, whether it was a conscious choice of the director or not.

Special mention should be given to the technical aspects of the performance; the virtually empty stage was brought to life by exceptionally effective lighting choices, wonderfully reinforcing the post-apocalyptic setting of the play. I was initially sceptical of this futuristic version, but through the set, costume and performance (the Witches especially) it added a brilliant new aesthetic to the play that was a pleasure to watch. 

The production’s bumpy start is perhaps excusable given that this was the first night; if Luba and Stewart could transfer the electricity that makes their better scenes so enthralling to the rest of the cast and production, this could be a five star performance. Nevertheless, well worth seeing as it is – just make sure you stay until the end.

 4 STARS

First Night Review : The Birthday Party

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Jake Lancaster and Muj Hameed rocked us in gently with a Pinteresque Pause that functioned as the overture to a symphonic performance. The successful harmony of the play was evident from the outset, with the married couple bouncing off one another beautifully. The lilting intonation of Petey’s (Luke Gormley) utterances mixed with the tempo of Meg’s (Glesni Anne Euros) slow, hunched, pottering self created a stunning geriatric atmosphere. The play’s cyclical structure makes this scene part of a spot-the-difference pair. The mutation from innocent grandpa to silent witness is reflected in Gormley’s feet positioning under the table – a pigeon toe at the opening and an assertive poker straight at the close.

Jake Lancaster and Muj Hameed rocked us in gently with a Pinteresque Pause that functioned as the overture to a symphonic performance. The successful harmony of the play was evident from the outset, with the married couple bouncing off one another beautifully. The lilting intonation of Petey’s (Luke Gormley) utterances mixed with the tempo of Meg’s (Glesni Anne Euros) slow, hunched, pottering self created a stunning geriatric atmosphere. The play’s cyclical structure makes this scene part of a spot-the-difference pair. The mutation from innocent grandpa to silent witness is reflected in Gormley’s feet positioning under the table – a pigeon toe at the opening and an assertive poker straight at the close.

Stanley’s (Rory Fazan) penetrative entrance immediately signals the next orchestral movement; the tenant’s table-slumping and caustic sobriquets – ‘succulent old washing bag’, ‘piece of old rock cake’ – contrasted with the previous gentleness of the birth of one Lady Mary Splatt.

Stanley’s (Rory Fazan) penetrative entrance immediately signals the next orchestral movement; the tenant’s table-slumping and caustic sobriquets – ‘succulent old washing bag’, ‘piece of old rock cake’ – contrasted with the previous gentleness of the birth of one Lady Mary Splatt.

Upon their arrival, the two strangers upped the pace again – this handsome double act galvanised the whole play. Goldberg (Will Hatcher) is the orator, the mouth; McCann (Barney White) is the agent of action, the arm that feeds him. Hatcher’s Ciceronian performance was flawless. He was chief of the bureau, and business went well – charmed the tulip, bagged the babe and kept his hands (and his suit) clean thanks to his sidekick. The vassal worked not only for his master but for the play itself, White was the megaphone that commanded the audience’s mood, and we obliged. So close was his relationship with us, that an effortless exit through the door-beads had the whole auditorium on the floor.

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Physical contact played an important role in the dance-like nature of the action. There are few instances of touch between the characters – the married couple never touch, the lodger and his landlady’s tickles are made to seem normal and when Stanley touches McCann, the Irishman erupts in an explosion of discomfort. Indeed touch is either disgusting or transgressive -either the centre of an insalubrious snog-sesh between older man and younger girl, or else we see it binding the puppeteer to its puppet.

The interrogation scene was excellently tight, suggesting invisible strings between White and Hatcher. A combination of skilful physicality and orality was key. Stage crossing and door blocking was fused with rhyming couplets; “you left her in the lurch/she was waiting at the church” to accelerate the pace and yoke the counterparts together. The scene gathered its momentum from the spinning-wheel formation and cacophonic crescendo with culminated in either Chicken or Egg.

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A play of doubles; the intangibility of identity was rendered brilliantly through character pairs. Stanley and Petey were a contrasting doublet – civilised man whose cornflakes are “lovely” versus hairy, primitive man whose cereal is ‘disgusting’. Even the staging reinforced the duality of identity; a Pinter sense that; “there is no hard distinction between what is real and what is unreal”. Indeed this duality was crafted elegantly into the set, the choice of lighting cast profile and face-on shadows. This Janus-faced backdrop added to the confrontational nature of the play, while acting as a constant reminder that even the play itself eludes a definitive identity.

5 STARS

Career Extinguished?

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On the 6th February 1958, the ashes that appeared in the Munich sky were those emanating from the Munich Air Disaster. 53 years later, the appearance of ashes once again in the sky of Germany’s third largest city, signalled another tragedy. The suspected act of arson by Breno on his house drew to a close a rollercoaster four years for the defender that began with such excitement, descended into chaos and now leaves him considering his future in the game.

The 22 year old’s career couldn’t have begun under more different circumstances. After four years spent in the Youth Academy at São Paulo, the stocky centre back seamlessly slotted into the starting XI following high praise from former Tricolor star Zé Sérgio. Indeed, 2007 would prove to be a remarkable year for club and player, respectively. São Paulo finished as runaway winners of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A – their fifth Campeonato overall. As for Breno himself, he looked assured when in possession of the ball, was strong and robust in the tackle and proved to be more than a match for opposition strikers. Such consistently excellent performances saw him become the youngest ever winner of the Bola de Prata. At the time there was no doubting that he was a wonderful prospect. 

The Cruzeiro-born youngster’s qualities in his successful debut campaign with the Morumbi outfit earned him a call up, by the then National Team Head Coach Dunga, to the Brazil Olympic Football Team (otherwise known as the Brazil National Under-23 team) to compete at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing. The 6ft 2in defender was influential in helping A Seleção maintain clean sheets in every game up until the semi-final stage where the team was unceremoniously dumped out of the competition by rivals Argentina. Nonetheless, his impressive displays had caught the eyes of a number of big European clubs and it was German football giants FC Bayern Munich, identified by ex-star striker Élber, who stole a march to secure his services. 

Whilst he had the benefit of easily adjusting to a well-defined defensive system at São Paulo, the centre back’s lack of top-level experience was immediately cruelly exposed as he found it difficult to adapt to the style and pace of the German game. Furthermore, persistent injuries to his right knee plagued his chances of stringing together a successful run of games, prematurely ending his loan spell with FC Nuremberg in 2010 and the 2010-2011 season as a whole. This season brought with it hope of a change in fortune, however his appearances were restricted by the emergence of the highly rated Holger Badstuber. Overall, Breno has made just 40 appearances for the Bavarian outfit over the course of four years. However, matters off the pitch haven’t helped his cause either.

Since arriving in Germany three years ago, the player has lurched from one personal crisis to another. His involvement in a series of bust-ups with opposition players, staff and a marital crisis, culminated in an incident on the 24th September of this year when he was arrested on suspicion of arson in connection with a fire at his home. Despite evidence suggesting his involvement in the incident, the Brazilian was released on bail soon afterwards. This has led some in the German media to question his state of mind, an issue still very much in the public domain following the suicide of the former German International goalkeeper Robert Enke two years ago. And yet one should perhaps not be too surprised to learn of such tumultuous goings on.

It’s often said that Brazilian players are making the move across the pond too early on in their careers. Breno is a case in point. Overexcited and perhaps misguided, he leapt into the great unknown without an understanding of the German game, culture and language. In his first three years with the Bavarian outfit he preferred to speak his native Brazilian Portuguese. So much so that a translator was required to be present for the birth of his son Pietro in 2009. With such high-expectations levelled at him and at such a young age, it’s little wonder he cracked. In hindsight, a few more months to pick up experience in the Copa Libertadores would have done him no harm whatsoever. Instead, he’s now embarking upon a slow road to recovery. 

The defender has many bridges to mend with his current employers who stuck by him through his most difficult times. How can he repay them? Through his performances on the pitch, which, in the early stages of his career, did all the talking. He’s under no illusions that a huge degree of work, commitment and training will be required for him to once again reach those levels that saw him earn a move to the current Bundesliga leaders in the first place. His psychological condition is now as important, if not even more so, as his physical condition. Earlier this month he returned to action with a run out for FC Bayern Munich II – the first step in what he hopes will be a successful return to the starting XI.

Whether he does decide to stay and fight it out or return home to former club São Paulo, who’ve expressed an interest in offering him an escape route from Bavaria, at the age of 22, the Brazilian still has time on his side. Breno must now breath new life into those fading embers and thus reignite a career that’s been, up till now, significantly starved of satisfaction, security and stability.

Twitter: @aleksklosok

First Night Review : Apples

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Apples, by Richard Milward, takes Milton’s Garden of Eden in his Paradise Lost and spins it on its head. Instead of coming out of the pages of Genesis, it is set in today’s brutal world where six teenagers come across peer pressure, drugs, and sex. Adam and Eve are still there – only Eve becomes the popular girl who is chased by the virginal, naïve Adam and becomes hooked on ecstasy, her apple. However, at the same time that it brings forth the gruesome world of today’s adolescents, it captures the absurdity of growing up. Complete with a great soundtrack with only one or two false starts, Apples tells the story of teenagers faced with all the troubles and humor of facing new fears from dancing at a club to pregnancy.

The play opens with Joe Bayley as Adam who gives amiability to the character, even in his attempt to act cool under peer pressure. Lucie Cox as Eve plays her with a perfect mixture of sass and vulnerability. The stage fits Ellie Geldard as the conflicted Claire who convincingly argues with herself about keeping her baby. The audience is held in suspense as she contemplates throwing her baby over the bridge. Josh Entecott as Gary becomes the villainous, arrogant boy that the play depends on to create most of the drama, opening up the problems of rape, drugs, and carelessness. Emily Stewart as Eve’s friend Debbie performs well with excellent diction and stage presence. Overall, all the actors take to their accents with surprising credibility thanks to their voice coach Chloe Cornish.     

The simple stage works well for the complicated drama and the actors do a good job in creating the environments they find themselves in. Although Apples is rich in its drama, it could use a few more moments of comic relief, only receiving a few laughs from the audience in humorous moments. One comical moment that was memorable was when Howard Coase as Burny comes out in a butterfly costume while Adam is sitting by himself at the club, saying he’s definitely not a social butterfly. Apples in all its humour and horror, shows some truths of the growing up process and all the teenage angst that goes with it.

3 STARS

First Night Review : POSH

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“Posh people pretending to be posh people performing for posh people,” is what Polly Marsden says in her preview of Laura Wade’s POSH at the Oxford Union Debating Chamber. The irony in this cannot be denied, especially as Wade’s political ideas shine through. The audience meets the Riot Club, a club whose original founder was called Ryott. But they don’t make mistakes.

The drama increases as the play continues. At first the Riot Club prove they’re snobs by complaining about a 10-bird bird only having 9 birds at dinner, and making fun of the host at the tavern simply because he has to work for a living. But then they call a prostitute, abuse the waitress, destroy the dining room, and worse, as their morals degenrate shockingly quickly. Yet, they call themselves the leaders of their generation, while discovering that they are simply built for “hiding in libraries.” Susanna Quirke takes a respectable risk in directing POSH, especially at a location where the play resembles some very real truths of the very Union that they make a mess of. But POSH does its job – it entertains and forces you to think hard at the same time.

Although there were some audible troubles and almost too many lines said over others, the actors really showed all the different personalities that a club might have. Everyone held their character and was believable in their portrayals. Fen Greatley as the hotheaded Alistair Ryle carried the show with superb acting and impressive stage fighting. The scene where he forces the host into a chair and throws money in his face, trying to pay him off for the destruction they’ve created, is one of the most horrifying in the play, bursting with pure emotion. Dom Ballard as Chris the host certainly gains the audience’s sympathy, saying he will refuse the money if any of them had touched his daughter. As the current President of the Riot club, Dugie Young creates his character well, with plenty of facial expressions showing us his conflictions between wanting something to put on his resume and regret at their actions throughout the night. Lloyd Houston as the drunken Toby Maitland always got laughs from the audience as he donned a judge’s wig, danced around stage with his sword, and fell asleep on the serving cart. 

The three-sided stage allows the audience to feel like part of the dinner party. The scene where they trash the dining room is exciting to watch so close to the action – feathers fly everywhere, paintings are shattered on heads, and the actors jump on the table breaking plates. The lighting design by Douglas Perkins is very effective, placing the stage in the right amount of eerie light, Sarah Chesshyre’s set design is perfect for the style of the stage and the costumes by Bronya Arciszewska and Izzy Station fit well for the “posh” atmosphere and characters.

POSH is a great evening of theatre with the hard-hitting power to make people think about their actions towards others. 

5 STARS

Director’s Blog – Noughts and Crosses Week 7

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“Hi, I don’t want to sound petty, but please could people not take posters for plays and other events down? Posters can cost quite a lot of money to make in mass and whatever the event, people have put a lot of effort into it and it is very disheartening to come back from putting posters around Oxford and find they have been taken down.”

That was the note I wanted to put on my college’s Facebook page after coming back late at night from an intense technical rehearsal to find posters for the play I’d put round college taken down from notice boards. I stress the word ‘wanted’, as I didn’t end up posting the comment as I’m too scared; instead I sent a request to my JCR president asking him to put a note about it in the next JCR email. Oh dear, I am cringeing as I am typing this – what a prude I have become!

This week has only just started but it definitely doesn’t feel like it. Saturday involved an afternoon rehearsal of the kidnap scenes with a staff writer from the Oxford Student sitting in, so no pressure. Sunday started early in the morning with me dragging a trolley suitcase full of pancakes for an all day rehearsal to the Simpkins Lee Theatre. Early this morning a few cast members and I ( along with the lovely Philippa Baines from the film society to do the filming) filmed the protest scene, getting some confused looks from passers-by as we shouted, “No Blankers in our schools” and the lovely expression, “Blankers are Wankers!”.  Tonight consisted of a tiring technical rehearsal where I became an angry despot ranting and grunting at the actors from the lighting box: it’s most likely that the actors either hate me or are slightly afraid – either way it gets the job done.

A few weeks ago I went on a National Express coach that stopped in the middle of the dual-carriageway due to a petrol leakage, resulting in all the passengers (including me) waiting for taxis to come and drive us to the next nearest station. Nevertheless I managed to reach my destination and I guess it’s easy to draw a parallel between a toilsome journey on public transport and putting on a show. Despite the strong possibility of encountering delays, traffic jams, breakdowns- you get all the whole obstacle thread – the ultimate goal makes it all worth the bother. Well, let’s hope so anyway.

Review: Keith Jarrett – Rio

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In January 1975 Keith Jarrett sat down at the Cologne Opera House’s Bösendorfer piano and spontaneously improvised a seamless stream of music that seemed to absorb everything from French impressionism to gospel. The recording, The Köln Concert, has gone on to sell 3.5 million copies, marks a classic milestone in 70s jazz and indeed has been responsible for many years for providing an accessible path for curious listeners towards more adventurous free music. Köln was the first jazz recording that I listened to, and through its production via the excellent ECM label, opened up a wealth of strange and wonderful listening for me. Whether or not they’re to your taste, most of Jarrett’s improvised solo concerts since the 70s have been landmark events within contemporary music. So where do we find Jarrett in 2011?

Bearing in mind the neutral, minimalist ECM-art covers that have adorned Jarrett recordings since Köln, the raw splashes of colour on the sleeve-art of this year’s Rio presented something of a surprise when it landed on my desk. And of course musically Rio and Köln couldn’t be further apart. Recorded live in Rio earlier in the year, this recording marks further solo concert experimentation within a particular path adopted by Jarrett over the last few years. Stemming from 2005’s Radiance, Jarrett has rejected the hour-long marathons that so distinguished his recordings since the 70s, in favour of a more compact, episodic approach.

Rio is stretched over 15 improvisational sketches, springing out in ‘Part I’ with loose, uncertain lines set over stuttering chords, before settling in ‘Part II’ into typically glowing textures, all underpinned by a kaleidoscopic harmonic sense. It is an experience that runs the full gamut of Jarrett’s sound world, from bursts of free jazz through to extended passages of impressionistic, textural play. It owes as much to the ill-documented free playing scene that Jarrett was involved in throughout clubs in Paris and New York in the 60s, as it does to his early solo concerts. Interestingly Jarrett has always named saxophonists, rather than pianists, as his inspiration. And indeed his cascading runs of notes, never once percussive, are all on display here. Moments of pure glory come with the beautiful points of emergence that Jarrett sets up, shifting from twisted melody and nervously pulsating chords in ‘Part V’ into unabashed lyricism.

Jarrett has described the unpremeditated solo performance process in the past as being a fusion of ‘spontaneous composition’ and ‘free improvisation’. It’s an approach that clearly explains much of the knowing classical references that litter his recordings from the 70s through to the 90s. And I must confess that I have not maintained complete affection for that body of work – with 1988’s Paris Concert’s descent into half an hour of crossover remaining a memorably excruciating moment. The taut variations he has worked to since 2005 has conversely allowed for freer playing – ‘letting go’ musically while also maintaining a stronger sense of structure over the whole concert. Of course I still find the idea of listening to and reviewing recordings of pure improvisation slightly problematic, given that so much of the beauty comes in the elusive music of the moment. Nevertheless, Rio is one of Jarrett’s most coherent recordings and is highly recommended listening. 

On this day and through the ages

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Sixth Week is often when ambitious students start eyeing up the elected positions they can take in their college, the university or various student societies. Most people go after these for the honest and traditional reasons of narcissism and CV padding. However, it seems some people in the past have been devoid of these noble intentions. Notably, the 20th November 1987 edition of Cherwell reported on a shock victory for a ‘joke candidate’ in Exeter’s JCR Presidential election. The candidate in question was ‘carried shoulder-high around the quad – on a Sedan chair’, before proceeding to address a ‘crowd of 60 to 70 people from a first floor window’. He topped that off by telling ‘a barrage of sexist jokes at the meeting’. The new president himself admitted, ‘I don’t have the faintest idea why people voted for me… I got drunk and thought I’d go for it.’ Seems as good a reason as any to me. 

Sixth Week is often when ambitious students start eyeing up the elected positions they can take in their college, the university or various student societies. Most people go after these for the honest and traditional reasons of narcissism and CV padding. However, it seems some people in the past have been devoid of these noble intentions. Notably, the 20th November 1987 edition of Cherwell reported on a shock victory for a ‘joke candidate’ in Exeter’s JCR Presidential election. The candidate in question was ‘carried shoulder-high around the quad – on a Sedan chair’, before proceeding to address a ‘crowd of 60 to 70 people from a first floor window’. He topped that off by telling ‘a barrage of sexist jokes at the meeting’. The new president himself admitted, ‘I don’t have the faintest idea why people voted for me… I got drunk and thought I’d go for it.’ Seems as good a reason as any to me. 
Student elections can often get terribly competitive, and even the smallest injustice fixated upon to provide an excuse for any loss. Fortunately our dear friends at the Oxford Student managed to narrowly avoid such accusations of inequality according to the 19th November 1999 issue of Cherwell. The OxStu attempted to print an ‘election special’ including manifestos of candidates for OUSU posts. However, one candidate shockingly had his manifesto printed in full multicolour as opposed to the uniform purple of the other candidates. After deciding that this would give him ‘an unfair advantage’, the supplement was removed. The OxStu itself admitted that ‘it was potentially quite a big problem’. What untold damage would have been done to the fabled democracy of OUSU if a candidate had had a full colour manifesto printed. People other than hacks might have bothered to vote! Perish the thought.
With all these elections it is good to see some people take more creative paths to self-aggrandisement. Notably the 16th November 1966 Cherwell reported on a second year Merton man writing a book described by his father, ‘a canon of the Anglican church’, as ‘the work of a 20th century fornicator’. Whilst the book was apparently not meant to be autobiographical, the author pointed out that he knew about the sexual and drug related experiences described in the book by saying, ‘If I didn’t know what it was like to make love to a hung up chick I wouldn’t have written about it.’ Quite. 

Student elections can often get terribly competitive, and even the smallest injustice fixated upon to provide an excuse for any loss. Fortunately our dear friends at the Oxford Student managed to narrowly avoid such accusations of inequality according to the 19th November 1999 issue of Cherwell. The OxStu attempted to print an ‘election special’ including manifestos of candidates for OUSU posts. However, one candidate shockingly had his manifesto printed in full multicolour as opposed to the uniform purple of the other candidates. After deciding that this would give him ‘an unfair advantage’, the supplement was removed. The OxStu itself admitted that ‘it was potentially quite a big problem’. What untold damage would have been done to the fabled democracy of OUSU if a candidate had had a full colour manifesto printed. People other than hacks might have bothered to vote! Perish the thought.

With all these elections it is good to see some people take more creative paths to self-aggrandisement. The 16th November 1966 Cherwell reported on a second year Merton man writing a book described by his father, ‘a canon of the Anglican church’, as ‘the work of a 20th century fornicator’. Whilst the book was apparently not meant to be autobiographical, the author pointed out that he knew about the sexual and drug related experiences described in the book by saying, ‘If I didn’t know what it was like to make love to a hung up chick I wouldn’t have written about it.’ Quite. 

The fall of Rome

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Berlusconi’s announcement last week that he intended to resign had the immediate effect of sending the markets higher. It perhaps comes as no surprise that the swift exit of the man who, by his own admission went into politics to avoid prison, sent investor confidence on the rise during a sustained period of choppy waters. With over 20 indictments to his name, his trajectory from cruise ship singer, to construction magnate to prime minister has been peppered with misdemeanours, ranging from sexual misconduct to criminal activity. Few regret his departure.

The indignation directed towards l’enfant terrible of European politics has, if anything, been intensified by the height from which Italy has fallen. As the world’s fourth largest debt market its fragility has sent potentially catastrophic tremors through the eurozone. Optimists point to the fact that (interest payments excluded) it has retained a fiscal surplus, putting it in better stead than other European nations. Yet, the fact that the country’s sluggish economic growth over the last decade was rivalled only by Haiti and Zimbabwe (as The Economist reported this week) suggests serious mismanagement, extending beyond the exploits of one loveable rogue to problems endemic in the whole political system.

The last decades have seen successive governments mired in inefficient bureaucracy and corruption, prey to powerful lobbyists with vested interests. Coupled with a rigid public sector, whose backing by heavyweight unions has left politicians powerless to enforce appropriate policy, competition has been stifled. It was precisely this that caused Standard and Poor to lower the country’s credit rating in September. This shows us, if anything, that the current Italian debt crisis is no one man show, but a reflection of engrained structural as well as political problems; problems linked, but by no means exclusive, to Berlusconi.

Strong leadership, or rather the lack of it, is not an obvious explanation of Italy’s decline: the country has seen 60 governments in the post-war era alone and has managed to retain its reputation as a solid European economic powerhouse until relatively recently. Its consistently high credit rating has secured a plentiful supply of capital which has, in turn, spurred it on to borrow more and more, lured by a false sense of security that its borrowing rates would stay low. Therein lies the problem. With anaemic growth over the past 10 years, a range of structural inefficiencies and the loss of the devaluation release valve, the sovereign debt markets have now lost confidence that Italy can get the economy moving in a way that will generate the future wealth to service its debts. In truth, the country’s debt burden has long been at risk of becoming unsustainable. The optimism that has accompanied the entry of technocrat Mario Monti will be too. The bunga bunga party is well and truly over and the clean-up will be a long and arduous process.

5 Minute Tute – The CERN discovery

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What experiment has been conducted at CERN, and what are the findings?

In an experiment called OPERA, a beam of neutrinos was sent from CERN, near Geneva, 730km through the Earth’s crust to Gran Sasso, Italy. An important stage in the analysis of this data is to measure the arrival time of the neutrinos, which seems to be 60 billionths of a second earlier than if they were travelling at the speed of light.

So what?

According to Einstein’s Special Relativity, as a particle is accelerated towards the speed of light, some energy goes into its mass. This makes it increasingly difficult to push to faster velocities and impossible to go faster than light. Additionally, events can only communicate with each other if they are linked by the speed of light. Both of these laws would be violated, by neutrinos at least, if the findings are accurate.

What exactly does it mean to say that the neutrinos may have passed through another dimension?

We experience daily life in three spatial dimensions and one temporal dimension. It is, however, possible to add extra spatial dimensions when making models in theoretical physics. Think of this in terms of looking at a lamppost from far off.  At first it appears to be just a line, but as one gets closer the width can be seen and then finally the third dimension can be seen in the curvature of the surface. It could be that more dimensions exist but we just haven’t looked close enough. Extra dimensions could give the neutrinos a way of taking a short cut between two points in our three spatial dimension world. This would look like the neutrinos have travelled faster than the speed of light.

How could these results change our understanding of cause and effect, or make time travel feasible?

The difficulty with developing direct practical applications from neutrinos stems from their weak interaction with matter. Take the OPERA experiment itself, where a beam of particles was able to travel through 730km of rock. So we’re not going to be going on any new types of journey through space and time just yet! However, if we could develop a neutrino communication device, it could be possible to send messages such that they appear to the receiver to have arrived before they were sent.

If no one can falsify CERN’s results, what next for physics?

Despite this being a ground-breaking observation I don’t think it would be the case of throwing every undergraduate physics textbook out of the window! Physics is a science of approximations. For instance, it is possible to calculate the trajectory of a projectile on the Earth’s surface using Newton’s Law of Gravity – but move close to a black hole and we have to use Einstein’s Equation of General Relativity. With this in mind, any new theory that explains OPERA’s result must also account for the wealth of high precision measurements that agree well with our current theory.

Dan Short is a 4th year DPhil student in Particle Physics working on the ATLAS experiment at CERN (one of the experiments on the Large Hadron Collider)