Wednesday 2nd July 2025
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Napoleon, complex?

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A fashion seems to have arisen in popular historical non-fiction over recent years, for making a show of demonstrating, even ‘discovering’ that a certain, very specific moment, idea or conflict should be seen as having much greater significance than it has traditionally been accorded. This pinning down of one date as being absolutely pivotal in determining the course of history, when it had previously been regarded as merely incidental, appeals for a number of reasons.

It certainly appeals to the egos of those who write the books, allowing writers to cast themselves as enlightening excavators of hidden truths that, when revealed, elicit a sleight-of-hand magic trick-like ‘how didn’t I notice that coming?’ reaction in their readers. Perhaps, also, to those readers, this brand of ‘big event’ history appeals by harking to a more old-fashioned, clear-cut view of the past that hasn’t really been in vogue since Britain lost confidence in its own authority to write the world’s history.

This old and essentially imperial style, is based on a strong and simple belief that facts (however dangerously or subjectively oversimplified) are history, and history is fact: World War I started because Archduke Ferdinand was assassinated, Gutenberg invented the printing press, Elizabeth I was a virgin queen, America was discovered by Columbus in 1492, and, now, says Frank McLynn, 1759 was absolutely, categorically, the year in which Britain became ‘master of the world’.

Yet, even more importantly, this cataclysmic brand of history succeeds because every human alive today is of a generation whose entire sense of what a story should be like is derived from the conventions of the Hollywood blockbuster. Every hit film needs a hero, and the only thing better than a hero is an underdog. When historians take overlooked people, dates or ideas and then build history around them, they start to manufacture a story along Hollywood’s star-driven lines and give their readership an underdog to root for or an anti-hero to be intrigued by. The effect is the same as that of Chris Nolan reconfiguring the dynamics of the Batman universe to focus on the Joker in The Dark Knight.

It is into this treacherous landscape of big, broad brushstroke, Harvey Weinstein history that Theresa Levitt strides with her book The Shadow of Enlightenment. The title’s a good one. Very Dan Brown. Very marketable. The subtitle hints further that the book aims for Frank McLynn, that where usually overlooked combinations of events conspire to make history that conventional wisdom dictated was being made elsewhere.

That subtitle is ‘Optical and Political Transparency in France, 1789-1848′. There’s the sleight of hand trick being set up already: the word ‘transparency’ is used in two different contexts that, to the untrained eye, appear totally unrelated, but Levitt is waiting, like a magician who links two silver rings with a flamboyant flick of the wrist, to connect them before your very eyes.

The audience, having never even dreamt of imagining that, in 18th and 19th century France, optical transparency and its political counterpart were in any way linked, will clap politely. I’m sure you’re starting to see a problem here. Whilst Levitt writes well, and her magic trick is actually a lot more successful than many of those attempted in books written this way, she’s applied the Hollywood method to a defiantly art-house subject.

Who, outside of University history departments, will know what ‘optical transparency’ means in this context, and who will care about its hitherto unexplored importance to political transparency in post-Napoleonic France? The showy connective conceit may be the preserve of current popular history, but the subject matter is one for dons and DPhil students; a plain appearance and telltale OUP logo don’t help matters.

I haven’t the knowledge to judge Levitt’s work as a piece of serious academia; I can only regard it I the way I feel it has been sold to me as the common reader, as a piece of popular history that attempts to tap into a current fashion for a particular way of forming and framing history.

Viewed as such, The Shadow of Enlightenment is a noble experiment, but a failed one: like the poorer kind of blockbuster film, the book’s exciting style cannot mask its dull substance.

Viva Glasvegas!

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The NME Awards Tour 2009 came to Oxford on Tuesday. The tour that has helped, in the past, to launch the careers of bands such as Franz Ferdinand and Arctic Monkeys returned to showcase the talents of four more NME-endorsed hopefuls. Glasvegas, Friendly Fires, White Lies, and Florence and the Machine were the chosen ones this time around. Of these acts, the highest hopes are surely held for Glasvegas. The hype surrounding those four Glaswegians and their peculiar brand of epic indie last year was unbelievable; this year they intend to prove that it was warranted.

Speaking to the band, it’s clear that success came as a surprise to a group whose singer James Allan was on the dole in January of last year. ‘It’s great, if bizarre. You wouldn’t have thought it, coming from where we’re from’ says the band’s drummer, Caroline McKay. ‘God knows what we’d be doing if things hadn’t taken off… Life’s bizarre.’

The band’s members grew up in east Glasgow, and are proud of their working-class roots and the city that raised them. ‘We’re proud to represent Glasgow, it’s a great city, and it’s beautiful.’ Their name reflects this pride, along with the broad Glaswegian accent in which James Allan delivers the band’s vocals.

McKay is keen to maintain, however, that the music transcends regional boundaries: ‘the lyrics are bigger than Glasgow, they’re about human emotions and human vulnerability. It’s universal.’ Here McKay underlines part of what’s special about Glasvegas. As a Glaswegian singing emotional songs about crying and absent fathers, Allan embodies a fascinating juxtaposition of sensitivity and unflinching manliness.

Glasvegas are keen for us to know that they are a band with a social conscience; they know where they came from, and they don’t plan to forget. The band undertook a prison tour in 2007, McKay believes it was crucial to the band’s development. ‘It was a great experience but it was incredibly emotional. You’re looking into the eyes of a group of people who are all dressed the same, locked up together for a multitude of reasons. The response we got was unbelievable but it was sad sometimes.’

I’m not a big fan of the O2 Academy, but at least it’s not prison. This crowd could probably escape if it wanted to, though this seems unlikely tonight as all four acts impress.

Florence and the Machine were first on, and are a fascinating prospect. The wailing voice is a little overwhelming at first, filling the room and assaulting your ears in a way that takes some getting used to. When it combines most effectively with the music it is a powerful weapon, however, and at times the effect was stunning. Florence flung herself about the stage in a self-consciously theatrical stupor and a basque that struggled to keep the buoyant singer’s bustling bosom under cover.

White Lies were next to grace the stage to embark on what was the least interesting of the night’s sets. Joy Division are clearly a big influence, though White Lies are yet to record anything which comes near the quality of that band’s legacy, despite showing flashes of what has clearly impressed someone in the past.

Friendly Fires had the Academy dancing within seconds of taking to the stage, thirty minutes later the crowd wondered what had hit them. Their confusing brand of indie/dance-pop is entertaining, though it’s not clear why it exists, or indeed, like some biological accident conceived in one of Oxford’s science labs, whether it should.

Glasvegas stepped forward next, striding flamboyantly about the stage, safe in the knowledge that the audience had paid to be there and were not being held under lock and key. Their set was stunning, exciting and emotionally potent; they owned the stage. The air of confidence around the band is striking. The media furore and hype hasn’t intimidated them in the slightest, and they just want to show now that it was justified.

Asked what level of success they’d settle for, the answer came instantly: ‘world domination; settle for nothing less.’

It’s a man thing

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Lately, it’s just all about men. Men are having a moment. Some might argue that men have had it good for a rather long time. They are gravely mistaken. Until recently, a gent in search of sartorial advice from the pages of a magazine would have had to make-do with a token page in GQ or FHM directing them vaguely at the high street, and London was distinctly lacking in well-edited menswear boutiques.

All that London Fashion Week had to offer in terms of menswear was a single show—the MAN show sponsored by Topman. It has seen some big talents: ‘Cassette Playa’, whose aesthetic defined youth culture between 2006–2007. (She styled and designed for Klaxons and still styles M.I.A.) There has, however, been a distinct lack of a substantial men’s programme in London, let alone a whole week as in Paris and Milan. No more.

Perhaps it all began with Fantastic Man, the ‘gentleman’s style journal’ to rule them all. Fantastic Man (available in Borders) is a trail-blazing publication that has a cult-like following and which has broken many stock rules of men’s magazine publishing. For starters, its aesthetic is the very definition of restraint. Tits and arse of either gender are noticeably lacking from the cover and there are no ‘gimme a freebie’ promo articles on useless gadgets and cars.  Many hours have been spent considering typeface, the texture of the paper (usually two contrasting ones are used) and text and images have room to resonate on the page.

Fantastic Man is a space that gives proper consideration to the masculine aesthetic, with minutely specific pieces and shoots on tweed, or ‘the chest’ (male), or how to pack in the correct fashion. Gert Jonkers and Jop van Bennekom, the founders and editors of the magazine which is based in Amsterdam (though entirely English language) stated: ‘However quietly or extravagantly delivered, style is all about making a difference, about the will to stand out. It’s time to be FANTASTIC.’ This kind of positive statement, made concrete in the magazine, is what men’s sartorial culture needed: Fantastic Man is the standard bearer for a new appreciation of men’s style. There have since been a spate of new titles including 10+ Men, which is worth getting for the 20 page editorials where stylists and photographers have the luxury of space to really develop a narrative, and Man About Town, which has a noir look to its photography and strong arts content.

Wednesday 25th February 2009 will be London Fashion Week’s first ever menswear showcase day. Topman, as Topshop has done for womenswear, is making moves to expand the menswear scene for London Fashion Week. For many seasons now the Topshop NewGen shows have been the must-see shows of London Fashion Week – the hottest young designers get sponsorship from Topshop to produce a collection for the catwalk. This scheme has launched the careers designers like Christopher Kane, Gareth Pugh (who’s recently begun to show in Paris) and Marios Schwab and has seen some of these designers do capsule collections at relatively affordable prices for Topshop in return.

This season, Topman has collaborated with Fashion East, a nonprofit organization set up by the Truman Brewery in 2000 to produce the menswear showcase day. As well as the usual MAN show, at which there is the work of three young designers as well as a ‘Topman Design’ collection, there will be individual shows.

Some to look up are Carolyn Massey, whose work draws on the tradition of menswear craft but recast in black and stripped down, ‘Sibling’ who produce knitted twin-sets for men in bright prints as well as one-off couture pieces and Tim Soar who for his Spring/Summer 2009 collection reworked 1950s rockabilly made it modern with pared-down suits, minimalist overalls and Hawaiian shirts with a twist.

Naturally it’s no use new designers showing collections at fashion week if there are no boutiques to stock their clothes. b Store which defines itself as ‘the antidote to superbrand behemoths’ has been a champion of up-and-coming menswear designers since opening in 2000, regularly buying collections from designers who have only just left fashion college.  b Store’s move to a small but well-curated space on Saville Row from Conduit Street in 2006 has cemented its position as the premier stockist of new menswear designers in London. Over Christmas, b Store created a temporary pop-up shop in Oxford Street’s Selfridges, putting focus in a central location on new menswear design.
b Store’s founder Matthew Murphy, dubbed the ‘accidental hero of young London fashion design’ by The Independent, designs a small collection every season which will show next week. In terms of the high-street, things are looking up for men. Aside from the design-focussed lines available at the Oxford Street Topman, Regent Street’s ‘Cos’—H&M’s recently created, classier sibling—has been making waves with its minimalist take on modern masculinity. Fabrics there are good: silk-cotton mix T-shirts, cashmere and no synthetic. They cut a lean suit and their sense of colour is quite something to behold: black, moody grey and taupe, punctuated by navy, burnt orange and warm beige.

As far as menswear on the net is concerned, London-based www.oki-ni.com stocks limited ranges of labels like Raf Simons, Martin Margiela, Acne and Levis Red Label. It is what could be called a ‘destination website’ with an extensive range of designers of the highest calibre and super-efficient service. Yes please.

Things look hopeful for men. There’s a new mood in menswear, and it’s looking good.

Fears new visa rules will deter foreign applicants

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Universities have expressed concern that strict new immigration rules could deter international students from applying to the UK.

All students outside the EU will have to reapply for a visa after four years, regardless of the length of the course, meaning they have no guarantee that they will be able to complete their studies.

Diana Warwick of Universities UK, an association of university heads, warned of the effects of the new system, which will take over from the end of March.

She said, “although students will be able to apply for an extension to complete their programme they will have no guarantee that leave will be granted. This is bound to affect their decisions about whether to come to the UK in the first place.”

She stressed that it was unfair that students who invest considerable financial resources in studying in the UK would not have the certainty that after four years of study they could continue and complete their degree in the UK.

A spokesperson for Oxford University also condemned the proposal.

She said, “the University still takes the view that it will be unnecessarily disruptive and time-consuming for them to have to reapply for a visa part way through a course, and risks sending a negative signal about the UK’s commitment to its international students.”

According to Russell Group, there is already evidence that visa and immigration issues are an area of concern for international students both before they come to the UK, and while they are here.

Aadya Shukla, president of Oxford’s India Society, expressed outrage at the new system.

She said, “unfortunately, the new system with its disproportionately high application fee and opaque processing, send out the wrong signal that overseas students are not welcome.

“Studying at a UK university is already very expensive, now students will face undue anxiety and uncertainty rather than being able to focus on their course.” Student visa applications currently cost £99 and can take over 15 days to process.

International student Sarah Iqbal described the introduction of the new Tier 4 system as, “another blow that will definitely deter international students from applying to UK universities.”

She added, “since the process has now become more complicated it will further discourage students from applying here.”

Konstantin Zhurkov, treasurer of Oxford’s Russia Society, also agreed that the new system will deter international students from applying.

He commented, “it is a gamble on how long the visa re-application will take and whether it’s really worth potentially disrupting your studies for several months at the end of your penultimate academic year, a stress that might otherwise be avoided by applying elsewhere.”

Other international students, however, have dismissed the idea that the new system could act as a deterrent.

Elena Andreeva, a Russian student at Somerville, said, “I do not think that the obligation of re-applying for a visa would deter students – or at least those serious about studying abroad. It doesn’t seem likely that applicants who had successfully completed four years of their course would be denied a visa to finish their degree.”

Proctors hunt for sit-in students

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University Proctors are attempting to track down the pro-Palestine protesters who barricaded themselves in the Bodleian by asking colleges to help identify students from photographs.

The proctors have not disclosed how much the demonstrators will be fined, despite some protesters’ claims that it was agreed they would be fined only £20 during negotiations with the Proctors.

A senior member of Oxford Students for Gaza and Palestine (OSGP), the group behind the occupation of the Bodleian, condemned the Proctors’ actions.

He said, “it would be a shame for goodwill on the part of the university and students to be lost because of hostile tactics used by the university to try and extract more money than was agreed from the protestors.”

The Senior Proctor denied that £20 was the correct sum. He said, “that figure was floated around afterwards but it wasn’t agreed with me.” He confirmed the actual figure agreed was “not a long was away from the figure.” But he refused to disclose the amount, saying, “opinions have been polarised. Some have said the way of handling the protest was somewhat liberal.”

So far, most colleges are co-operating with the Proctors.

But the sub-dean of Wadham, Cetta Mainwaring, has claimed that the college had so far refused to co-operate with Proctors’ request.

Mainwaring, a member of OSGP, said in an email to the group, “the Dean at Wadham and the Tutorial Office are resisting the pressure thus far.” She said the Proctors were, “aggressively following up their promise to fine us by trying to pressure Colleges to identify us in pictures.”

Mainwaring said that the other colleges had allowed the Proctor’s Office to identify students, which she feared was “putting more pressure on Wadham as the only wholly non-cooperative college.”

She appealed for members of the group to identify other colleges which were resisting the pressure, saying “they would obviously feel better about the whole thing if they knew of specific colleges that were doing the same.”
Protesters have called on colleges to “protect the interests of their students in this matter.”

Another member of OSGP commented, “we think that we shouldn’t be facing punishment for our actions. We feel we were making a legitimate point in protest of what we saw a barbarous actions of the Israeli state attacking Gaza.

“It is not down to the colleges to help identify us as college members were not massively inconvenienced by our actions. Oxford will also be alone amongst all the other 30 universities (except Sheffield Hallam) in pursuing action against people who took part in occupations.”

Michael Burden, Dean at New College, said his office would not give out photographs to the Proctors.

However, he added that the Porters’ Lodge at the college was willing to identify students in photographs brought to them.

“The Lodge may identify students as members of college,” he said, “but we would not be in the business of circulating information.”

New College is home to many prominent figures involved in the protests.
Burden said his office had not been approached by the Proctors in any matter related to the protest, but added that he would not have known if they had approached the college’s Lodge.

Proctor David Harris said, “most people had their photos taken and put on the website during the occupation,” saying this was, “the normal way we track people down.”

The Deans’ offices at St Anne’s, St Edmund’s Hall, and St Catherine’s refused to comment on their positions.

Over eighty students barricaded themselves in the Bodleian library to protest against Israel’s recent action in Gaza. The demonstration started at midday in the Clarendon building, and lasted until the protesters felt their demands had been met six hours later.

In the immediate aftermath of the occupation, a Proctor’s statement said they welcomed “the fact that this protest was peaceful and good-natured.” It continued, “negotiations with those occupying the building and their representatives were held with goodwill and in a very constructive manner.”

University Vice-Chancellor John Hood criticised the student occupation of the Clarendon building. He said the Bodleian barricade “caused disruption and inconvenience to fellow students and other members of the University” and added, “unlawful action of this kind cannot be condoned.”

Brasenose student to run for Labour MP

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A Brasenose student, Andrew Lomas, will run for Labour MP in the next general election.

Lomas, a Dphil student, will contest the Wycombe seat in Buckinghamshire – a constituency which has not had a Labour MP since 1951.

But Lomas said he is confident that the election will be a real contest. He said the majority held by his opponent, the Conservative Paul Goodman, is “by no means an easy number to overcome, but by no means a safe seat for the Tories.”

He added, “the next election will be one of the most interesting and tightly fought contests for a generation and I’m looking forward to the fight.”

Lomas commented that, although he would have to be in the constituency regularly, he wasn’t worried about his DPhil.

“I actually find being busier sorts out my schedule for me: it forces you to use your time more efficiently rather than wasting your mornings eating toast and watching Jeremy Kyle!”

He added, “beyond that, being able to make a real impact on people’s lives matters too.”

He commented that he had wanted to stand to be a Prospective Parliamentary Candidate because it gave him a chance to get involved with politics outside of Oxford.

“Oxford is a pretty conservative place: whilst this rarely manifests itself politically, it’s a huge cultural phenomenon and means that many people here only do things that reinforce their existing prejudices.”

Lomas is currently researching new ways of treating cancer. Earlier this month he was formally selected to be the Prospective Parliamentary Candidate for the Labour Party in.

Lomas previously stood in the 2008 local election for Barton in North East Oxford but lost by four votes.

The current MP Paul Goodman has a majority of over seven thousand and is the Shadow Minister for Communities and Local Government.

Eloise Morgan, a third year at Brasenose College, said that she was a student still at the college was getting involved in national politics.

“I’d say Brasenose has a tradition of fostering Prime Ministers, so I’m very excited about this student standing for election and consequently have high expectations of him.”

She added, “I expect to see his oil painting in Brasenose hall soon.”

 

Suspected brothel raided on Marston Road

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Police have raided a suspected brothel in Marston, arresting three women.
The raid took place on 10th February, when police and UK Border Agency officials entered the premises, following complaints from residents.
Locals had claimed that the property was being run as a brothel and advertised as “Angel Beautiful Massage”
The three women, two of whom are Chinese and one Thai, were arrested for immigration offences, but no cash or clients were discovered on the premises.
Sergeant Alex Shepherd has commented “People have been brought in illegally to work at this brothel but we’re not looking at human trafficking.”
Police have reported that this is the sixth such brothel to be discovered in the Marston area over the last year.

Student survey slams Oxford nightlife

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Students have slammed Oxford’s poor nightlife, scoring the town an average of just 5/10 for “going out” as part of a survey of university cities.

Oxford came below Warwick and Manchester as a place to live, in the survey of over 40,000 British students – and below Leamington Spa and Aberystwyth as a place to go out, despite achieving an overall score of 60%.

Many students felt the low score in the “going out” category was justified. One implied Oxford’s nightlife left a lot to be desired, saying “it’s the same clubs, and they get boring.”

Another agreed, but said she felt people should put up with the city’s shortcomings. “It’s true, Oxford is a bit rubbish for going out, unless you’re thinking more of restaurants and so on, in which case it’s not so bad. But you expect that when you apply to a small town. If going out is what matters to you, then yeah, don’t come here.”

Both Pulse and RockEntz, Oxford’s main student-run entertainment companies, declined to comment on the survey’s findings.

The survey, carried out by the website accommodationforstudents.com, showed that Oxford kept up with many traditional Northern student hotspots, including Leeds and Liverpool, which were also rated as 60% and beat traditional rivals Cambridge, who scored just 56%.

A St Anne’s undergraduate said he felt Oxford’s overall place relative to other towns was fair. “It’s not as fun here as somewhere like Manchester, but at the same time, I mean, it could be worse. It’s not un-livable-in or anything.”

He added that a friend in Cambridge had found the city “boring and cramped”.

The survey gave Oxford a 7/10 rating for transport, the highest the city earned in any category. Some students, however, felt this was unjustified.

“Sometimes when I’m cycling I can’t breathe because the bus fumes are so heavy,” said one Hertford second-year. “No-one tries to co-operate with other people.”

He said he himself never used buses, as they were too expensive and he didn’t need to go far from the city centre. However, he praised transport to and from the city, saying “the Oxford Tube is amazing.”

Over 470 Oxford students responded to the survey, which the company conducts every few years. Oxford’s performance was an improvement on previous showings. In 2004 the city fell comfortably in the bottom half of the table, several places below Cambridge.

Perhaps surprisingly, respondents to the survey also rated London as a 5/10 for “going out.” Overall, the nation’s capital scored a mere 56% – on a par with Cambridge. The poor showing was due to poor marks in the “community” and “facilities” categories. The genteel Buckinghamshire town of High Wycombe received an abysmal 38%, achieving just 3/10 for “going out.”

The survey also covered students living abroad, who rated Munich as the best city overall, with 72% on average. Some apparently misunderstood the nature of the questionnaire, with “Spain” receiving an excellent score of 74% and the UK as a whole receiving an embarrassing 38%.

Oxford atheists found national movement

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Oxford University students have been involved in the creation of a new nationwide secular society. The National Federation of Atheist, Humanist and Secular Student Societies was launched on Monday.

The launch, in central London, was by Professor Richard Dawkins, Professor A.C. Grayling and Polly Toynbee.

AHS was co-founded by two Oxford Secular Society’s alumni. Ex-presidents Alex Gibson and Chloë Clifford-Frith. They were assisted by students from ten other universities across the UK.

Norman Ralph, President of AHS, said, “Humanity should take responsibility for its flaws, and also take credit for its successes, not abscond responsibility to an imaginary father figure. We’re about celebrating, learning and making the most of the one life we have.”

AHS intends to support established and newly formed atheist, humanist and secular groups and make sure their needs are being addressed on a national and international level.

It aims to promote non-religious points of view in universities and increase the dialogue between religious and non-religious student groups. On a wider scale, it hopes to broaden the public’s appreciation of science.

A.C. Grayling, Professor of Philosophy at Birkbeck College, University of London, and a Supernumerary Fellow of St Anne’s College praised the launch of AHS. He said, “it is great to know that the AHS will be standing up against religious privilege and discrimination.”

Professor Richard Dawkins, supported the founding of AHS to support, “beliefs that are unsupported, bigoted or demand special privileges should always be challenged. No opinion should be protected from criticism simply by the virtue of being religiously held.”

Several students have expressed support for the establishment of AHS.
George Lewis, a St John’s first-year said, “If atheists think that they need an organisation, why shouldn’t they? There’s already a system for Christian Union’s to work together across Universities, so I’m sure that it’s fine for a secularist equivalent to be established.”

Katy McDermott, a Worcester student said, “It’s a good idea to make sure everyone’s views are considered but as a Christian I would appreciate it if atheists and humanists would be more co-operative with Christian views.”
Others criticised AHS. Michael O’Sullivan, a first-year, condemned AHS as unnecessary. He said, “Do you really think that atheists and secularists need a ‘voice’ in an already overtly secular western society today…”

He added, “I thought that the whole definition of atheism was simply a belief in nothing rather than something. What is the need to institutionalize it, other than to interfere with and make increasingly difficult the lives of those who have a faith and who believe in an underlying objective morality?”

Controversy over note-sharing website

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Oxford students are selling their notes for money to GradeGuru.com, a note sharing website, where other students can then download the notes for free.

The website claims to have contributions from 281 academic institutions in the UK and offers students cash compensations for uploading their notes.

It describes itself as “a platform for students to help each other with coursework” which will encourage “all students everywhere to achieve their best and to inspire others to academic heights.”

Although the website claims to be a place where students can just find course notes, some of the material that Oxford students have uploaded includes full essays on Shakespeare.

As the material on GradeGuru is free, there is nothing to stop any student taking one of these essays and claiming it as their own.

This makes it different from other essay sharing websites such as Oxbridge Essays. An undergraduate essay from there can cost around £1000, and a full PhD dissertation could cost over £20,000.

A spokesperson for the University said that websites like this would not be helpful to students in the long run.

She said, “if students simply copy the work of others, they are missing part of the learning process and may fare badly when they come to sit formal examinations.”

She added that copying in weekly essays would be dealt with at a college level, but during exams plagiarism is taken very seriously by the University.

“Cheating in University examinations or in coursework that counts towards the degree is of course a very much more serious matter. That would be referred to the Proctors”

The website denies that it will encourage cheating, stating that “GradeGuru stands against plagiarism in all its potential forms”. It added, “Students have long been confronted with opportunities to plagiarize and infringe copyright law” but the site’s owners write that they will work with plagiarism technology companies to try and ensure that the website cannot be used for plagiarism.

But some students have admitted that they still plagiarise. One student said that essay sharing websites were not the only places a student could take material from if they wanted to cheat.

She said, “everyone has their friends’ and other peoples’ essays. I have lots, especially from people who have graduated who I know got firsts.

“I’m not against essay sharing websites in principle, I would just worry about the quality of the work that is being uploaded”.