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Exclusive Interview: Albanian Author Fatos Kongoli at the Maison Francaise 31/10/07

by Emily Packer

With thanks to Miranda Dawkins for interpreting the interview.

Though his name may not yet be familiar to Anglophone audiences, Albanian Fatos Kongoli is one of Eastern Europe’s most celebrated literary exports. His books, seven in all, have been translated into French, German, Italian, Greek, and Slovak. His novel The Loser (I Humburi) earned a Writers in Translation award from the International PEN Foundation this year. In the article ‘A Literature Review – Borderland,’ authors Jens Becker and Achim Engelberg report: ‘Whoever wants to improve their understanding of Albania will be unable to avoid Fatos Kongoli’ (South-East Europe Review, 1/2004).

With the help of a student translator – St. Hilda’s linguist Miranda Dawkins – I spoke to Mr. Kongoli at the Maison Francaise, where he was preparing for a reading from The Loser, the first of his novels to be translated into English. (Mr. Kongoli speaks French but not English, and I English but not French, so regrettably I shall be unable to render many direct quotations). Mr. Kongoli is a thoughtful, unpretentious man who values precision and individualism. Asked about the greatest problems facing Albania’s youth today, he comments that the question is too broad to be answered adequately; an inquiry about the country’s literary culture meets with much the same result.

Though Mr. Kongoli is hesitant to make sweeping statements about his countrymen, his personal history provides us with material for discussion enough. Kongoli hails from one of the most interesting nations in Eastern Europe. Ruled by hardline communist Enver Hoxha from the 1950s to the 1980s, Albania broke early from the Soviet Union and allied itself, alone, with China, where Mr. Kongoli studied between 1961 and 1964. Indeed, Mr. Kongoli singles out this period as one of the most important of his life;. He was shocked by the poverty endemic there, but deeply moved by the welcome he received from the ‘magical’ people. Yet in time the alliance with China crumbled too, and throughout much of the seventies and eighties Albanians endured frequent penury and political isolation. Mr. Kongoli protested against the dictatorship, and ensured his own safety, by refusing to publish seriously until the end of Communist rule, instead whiling away his spare time in extensive reading and pursuing a career as a mathematician, because ‘there was no Marxist strategy for mathematicians.’ His father, a violinist and Communist, impressed upon him the precarious position of artists in a dogmatic state.

Mr. Kongoli’s virtual silence under the Hoxha regime is all the more poignant because he is careful to stress that he is not solely or primarily a political writer. The Loser never mentions Hoxha or the communists by name, though the protagonist eventually falls victim to the skewed justice system of the Party. Regarding more recent political issues, I ask Kongoli whether he intends to write anything about Kosovo, a subject which has preoccupied notable Albanian authors such as Ismail Kadaré. ‘Leave it to the historians,’ he replies, adding that he has other fish to fry. Mr. Kongoli is happiest instead when talking about his characters and his literary technique.

Though Kongoli describes writing as the process of forgetting everything but ‘you and the white page,’ The Loser is deeply influenced by the French existentialists Camus and Sartre as well as by similarly bleak literary greats like Kafka and Dostoevsky. The novel, set half in the seventies and half in the nineties, follows the travails of a young Albanian by the name of Thesar Lumi. Bound for a freer Italy aboard a refugee boat, he chooses instead, almost inexplicably, to disembark and return to his dreary and stagnant homeland. The remainder of the novel recounts his motives and his past, in which the communist elite persecuted him at every turn and put an end to his forbidden affair with a prominent widow. Thesar Lumi is a curious creation, more a witness or accomplice to the actions of others than an active agent in himself. Mr. Kongoli confirms that his choice of protagonist was deliberate; Lumi is ‘neither a hero nor a revolutionary,’ distinguished chiefly by his capacity to think, reflect, and suffer. Lumi’s sense of the futility and absurdity of life elevates him from a mere product of his place and time to an emblem for all young people robbed of their potential by a repressive environment.

Translated from Albanian by Robert Elsie and Janice Mathie-Heck, The Loser is now available on amazon.co.uk and scheduled for a full international release in April 2008. Mr. Kongoli says that he would love to see more of his books in English editions, but for the moment he is at the mercy of the public and of his publisher. For now, he offers an earnest thanks to the people of Oxford and of the other English institutions which have welcomed him.

The Week in Singles

The Dirty – Why, I Think It’s Love (Daniel Rawnsley)

****

It’s like Karen O grew a penis and the Yeah Yeah Yeahs fused with the White Stripes.  If that doesn’t sound like your thing, then I recommend you make it your thing, then shake that thing to The Dirty.  The husky voice of vocalist Kyrill is the kind of erotic that likes whips and chains.  With a band that makes chaos sound cohesive you have a near perfect song of rock n’ roll punk sin.  If it were longer it would get boring, but it isn’t and with a few quality remixes added on this single is a must.

 

Kylie Minogue – 2Hearts (James Pickering)

**

I shouldn’t like Kylie- she’s the sort of thing my dad and the rest of the baby-boomers live for. But the opening seconds of 2 Hearts nearly made me think again. Her new style (less cheesy disco, more pop-rock) is tempting, the background synth even smacks of Goldfrapp. But whereas Goldfrapp is the musical equivalent of KY Jelly, Kylie is Cadbury’s Buttons- sweet and popular, but bland and un-imaginative. Despite a promising opening, the inane chorus (“two hearts beating together, I’m in love wooo, is this forever wooo”) wears thin and the record is far too short to proffer any serious enjoyability. Still, it bodes for a decent album, and I strongly recommend you buy the rather artistic CD single just to pin it up and look ever so kitsch-modern.

 

The Courteneers – Acrylic (Rees Arnott-Davies)

*

Before writing this review I was told that The Courteeners were nothing but an Arctic Monkeys rip off, but that’s utter bollocks, they rip off The Libertines just as much, if not more. This tells lyrically (“You’re just like plasticine being moulded into a libertine dreamer”), but not nearly as much as it does musically. The entire lead guitar part seems to have been reconstructed note by note from The Libertines’ eponymous second album. That’s not to say it’s a bad single, it’s just average, and not innovatively average, derivatively average. But a lot of people like that, as shown by the success of The View, Razorlight, The Kooks et al. So if you like the same old shit sold to you as new, then go ahead and buy this single, I’m not going to stop you.

 

 

Cat the Dog – Gotta Leave (Pamela Takefman)

*

Cat the Dog's new single "Gotta Leave” tries to do too many things at once, and fails at each, making the listener want to head for the door with them. The lead singer has a Cobain-esque twang without the convincing enough anger, the poppy intervals and harmonies are oddly misplaced and the "leaving" metaphor is forced in every generic line of lyric. The only thing that seems to stand out about this single is how irritating it is. The press release claims that the band, like its name, "shouldn't really make sense themselves." Well, that seems to be about the only thing they have right.

 

Chris T-T – This Gun is Not A Gun (Daniel Rawnsley)

***

Chris T-T’s songs are good for their lyrics.  There’s a fierce wit mixed with an angry passion and a message that really needs delivering.  Kylie has released a single this week, no doubt cheery and nice, no doubt vacuous and inane.  It might be worth thinking about something this week as well though – that’s where Chris comes in.  The title track is not musically inspirational, but lines like ‘we’re fighting fire with fire, finally’ have an irony that punches through this.  The real gem here, though, is ‘In the Dressing Room’, a little piece of something truly moving.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Greatest Show on Middle-Earth

The production team of the Lord of the Rings stage show come to the Union next week.


Rob Morgan talks to the director, designer and composer about the play’s epic development and Emma Whipday reviews the show

'It’s the biggest thing any of us have ever done in terms of its complexity, and we’ve been ambitious with it. We’re reaching quite far and calling on ourselves in a way that we’ve never done in the past." So says designer Rob Howell of The Lord of the Rings.

According to director Matthew Warchus, the aim of the production was always to stay close to the imaginative experience of the books, hence the controversial move toward musical theatre: "I thought that instead of trying to use the conventions of musical theatre for a template, we should produce a piece of theatre that pulls it more towards Tolkien’s vocabulary, which is full of music. People sing a lot in the book." There are numerous big production numbers such as ‘The Cat and the Moon’, performed by the hobbits as they begin their journey through Middle-earth, as well as Frodo and Sam’s beautiful ballad, ‘Now and For Always’.

There’s been much debate about whether the result is a musical, but that didn’t stop a Toronto theatre company lampooning the show’s epic production process in The Lord of the Rings: The Musical: The Musical!. A substantially re-written version is now running in London’s West End.

The set in the Theatre Royal was designed with ground-breakingly precise computer modelling which can simulate the view from every seat in the house. "Because it’s a journey story, we wanted to completely include and embrace the audience in it as well", says Howell, part of the team which transferred the play to London.

"Whenever the fellowship arrived at a new location or met a new race or culture, the audience arrives at the same time with them, instead of revealing the scene after the characters have already arrived there. But believe it or not, our desire was to work with less rather than more, and if you walk around backstage, there’s not much there. We haven’t got truckloads of scenery. We are trying to allow the audiences to imagine things for themselves".

Oxford audiences may have to stretch their imaginations a little further. Rumour has it that there may be a rendition of one of the play’s musical set-pieces in the Union Debating Hall this Tuesday when Warchus and Producer Kevin Wallace bring cast members to talk about the show and its development. Cherwell has a deal for Oxford students to see the show for £30, including travel to and from London. See www.hitthetheatre.co.uk/cherwell for details.

Review 

I have never seen a production as visually spectacular as this. It was, quite literally, breathtaking. I doubt I’ll ever work out how the production team manage to make Bilbo disappear, but disappear he does, right before you eyes. As for the set; well, it’s easy to see where the majority of a reported £25 million budget was spent; and every penny was worth it in terms of sheer visual splendour. So it seems a shame, all things considered, that rest of the performance fails to live up to it.

I admit that it can’t be easy to squash three full-length novels into three hours of performance, so I’ll excuse the conflation. What annoys me is that, despite a wealth of material to choose from, the script is ultimately shallow. Though the final scene manages to be moving, the majority of the dialogue is unutterably twee. What’s even worse is that some of the best lines are ruined by simple overacting. Wizards may be very powerful, but I don’t see why that means they have to shout all the time; James Loye is sympathetic and believable as Frodo, but has such an unpleasant voice it quite puts me off.

As for the music, some of the Enya-style wailing is really very pretty, but the majority of the songs verge on being pointless. They fail to advance the plot, and the trite lyrics obscure any emotional depth.
The most surprising thing about this production is that none of this seems to matter. Sitting in the stalls feels like being immersed in Middle Earth. Despite its faults, this production is still one of the most impressive I ever seen. If you want a visual feast, this will not disappoint.Emma Whipday

Big Breath In

By Elena Lynch 

Big Breath In is a vivid portrayal of a child’s magical adventure through physical theatre. Having never been to see a piece of solely physical theatre, I was intrigued as I walked into the rehearsal room. The cast of 10 have been working on Big Breath In for 3 weeks with the aim of creating a piece of devised theatre which will be accessible to children and enjoyable for students and, crucially, one that isn’t pretentious or patronising. In my opinion, they’ve succeeded.

The story revolves around a young boy who, after losing his balloon, embarks on a quest to find it again. Along the way he finds a trunk filled with toys, which plunge him into a strange and often confusing world. With this simple outline as a beginning director Oscar Wood, the cast and a team of musicians have devised a piece that swells to fill the room.

Each ‘scene’ is more like a sketch, which occurs as the child is whisked between different ‘worlds’. The conception and performances are sweet and funny: a world where people are always getting up in the morning is a highlight. On discovering a toy car in the trunk, a busy and noisy scenario takes place. Actors charged all over the stage, beeping and hooting, too busy to listen to the boy, played with aplomb by Jo Tyabji, desperately looking for his balloon.

Underscored by beautiful music composed by the cast, the play evokes a playful atmosphere. Pensive songs and steadier moments provide a refreshing respite from the intensity of the action and the overlapping, sometimes deliberately incoherent speech.

This piece returns to the very essence of physical theatre, but one leaves wondering whether the true potential of this medium was hampered by the strangeness of its story. I was often left wondering what fantasty world this next bizarre tableau was meant to represent. Sketches verge on silliness when the baffling imaginative leap they represent isn’t made clear. Physical theatre clearly has great imaginative and symbolic potential, aptly demonstrated by the opening of Big Breath In, the sketch which gives the play its name. A knot of actors formed a huge, single organism which breathed deeper and deeper, until after a final big breath, they explode into the loud and colourful world of a child’s imagination. This is a world which Oxford students would do well to share for an hour.

Rabbit

By Sam Pritchard 

Bella is celebrating her 29th birthday with a badly-judged collection of friends. As they get embroiled in arguments about sex and careers, her father is dying from a brain tumour and she feels she should be with him. Rabbit cuts between the sharp and well-crafted dialogue of Bella’s party and half-staged, half-imagined memories of her father.

It is an interesting proposition to watch student actors creating a world many of them are about to enter. Raine’s play is about ambitious London professionals, people holding onto to the last vestiges of their youth. They are well represented by this cast, but these are performances which don’t seem to come with too much difficulty.

The production is extremely simple and at times operates rather like a staged reading. Under these conditions, Harry Creelman as Bella and Jonathan Rhodes as her bombastic ex-boyfriend Richard do lots of the leg-work. They are in control when it comes to Raine’s wonderfully written birthday scenes, and Creelman is just as unpleasantly petulant and winningly vulnerable as her character should be.

There is one clear problem that holds Rabbit back from being a truly fantastic script. The scenes between Bella and her father are just heavy and intrusive. The way they lunge into the main action is trite and not helped by slightly clumsy blocking. Charlie Holt deserves praise for approaching the father through his intensity rather than his comparative age. However, it is plain that he has much the hardest job here, only able to gesture towards things a much older actor could do with the part.

Rabbit is more than worth a visit this week. You’ll see something new done competently and with care. The cast have a real grasp of the play, even if the territory isn’t too far from home.

Look Back in Anger

By Max Seddon 

Once upon a time, this was a very important play. Not anymore. Gone are the days when the mere presence of an ironing board onstage was enough to shock audiences into walking out, and gone with it is John Osborne’s reputation as a dramatist. This is generally ascribed to how much the play has "dated", which misses the point and lets Osborne off the hook. His characters are either caricatured to the point of complete absurdity, or, when he aims for complexity, so shoddily drawn that they are plausible as woodcuts.

Jimmy Porter, Osborne’s angry young anti-hero, is a garrulous Frankenstein’s monster of incongruous component parts, gleefully vicious one moment, heartbroken the next, always crushed by an oppressive social order and suddenly, almost inexplicably redeemed at the end. In bringing him to life Tom Palmer has a Sisyphean task and, to his immense credit, he does so more or less intact. Porter’s vituperative speeches are far and away the best moments of the play, and Palmer succeeds in capturing both the soaring range and bitter depths his prosodical sweet-seller goes through. What he cannot do is convince us that the moods between them are natural, nor why his futile animosity has such a mesmerizing hold over the rest of the characters.

This is not really his fault, as most of the other characters are about as complicated as puppies. Jimmy’s wife, Alison (Beth Williams), goes beyond sadomasochism in lithely, lifelessly sopping up Porter’s abuse. Williams has many strengths as an actress, but this role plays to none of them. She is too quiet, almost never looks anyone in the eye or shows any emotion, and as the torment gets worse and worse, keeps running back to Jimmy out of blinkered, flaccid stupidity. Nick Budd, their clemently "decent" friend Cliff, does everything the script requires of him: that is to say, almost nothing. Peter Clapp, playing Alison’s ex-Army father, is the least convincing of the lot. True, his character is the most caricatured, but he is ineffectual, moving around like a camped-up public school boy covered in wet paint.

Alice Glover has a more complicated role to get her teeth into, but is still as much of an upper-class straw target as Alison. While she does at least get to display a range of emotions, and for sheer accuracy’s sake gives perhaps the best performance, it is impossible to give any coherence to her simultaneous concern for her friend and apparent glee she takes in counterweighing Jimmy’s petulant nihilism. And yet we are meant to believe that she can still be drawn in by his charm, and then up and leave him on the drop of the hat out of a sudden resurgence of compassion for Alison.

Who the hell acts like this, and why? Since Osborne never gives us a convincing answer, the play is so incredulous as to verge on the surreal. The diminishing perspective in the raked staging hints at this, but cannot really succeed because Osborne’s attempt at vraisemblance is an obvious failure. Perhaps Barclay could have improved on this by forgoing this half-on half-off realism, portraying it as the misogynistic fantasies of the 1950s Underground Man. As it is, he’s shown the script too much respect. Over three hours the didactic bombast loses its effect, the lyricism becomes repetitive, and you can see why nobody seems to be listening to Jimmy ranting half the time.

Has the play dated? Of course. It’s fifty years old. That’s no excuse. Since Barclay doesn’t attempt to go beyond the script, it weighs down the whole production. Palmer and Glover are as good actors as you’ll see in Oxford, and Williams and Budd are no small talents; but their abilities only magnify the play’s flaws. They deserve better, and so do you.

 

Stage Whispers: The Set designer

The role of a set designer is simple – create an environment where the searing soul of the play can be acted out, where actors can exist and bring the script to life for the wondering audience. On a budget of £20-50. With receipts. And six sheets of plywood, measuring 8’ by 4’, one bicycle, and Botley road to negotiate. Not to mention the four tins of emulsion paint, 15 paint brushes, 3 rollers and 2 paint trays.

Events conspire against the humble ‘settie’. The director looks at the flats, painstakingly hammered together, painted in hues of brick and urban grime, and points out, in that famous, nerve-shredding phrase, that it is "all wrong". They had shifted the ‘conceptuation’ from urban grunge to a calm garden in high summer. In an email during the vacation. So why was grime still visible? Oh, and cut that wood more quietly, with no sawdust. And no scratches on the floor, or paint on the curtains, as the Theatre Management doesn’t like it. Now. Or else the whole get-in will run late, and the lighting person needs that ladder, right now.

The everyday materials of set construction also seem trip up the settie. Plywood rejects domination by nails, paint tins cling to their lids with the tenacity of a limpet in its shell, hammers develop a passion for your fingertips, and sawing causes bloodshed which, more often than not, stains the backdrop better than any cheap paint from the B&Q in Blackbird Leys. Bloodstains, at least, can generally be passed off as artistic license. And then, once the whole misbegotten, nailed, duct taped edifice is erect, it will come crashing down because some clod-hopping actor will lean on it, causing hysterics and general fury. This isn’t to say that wood isn’t a preferable staging material to the other possibilities a settie is presented with. Rumour has it Tom Richards is only now – and only just – being talked out of plans to build an actual brick wall in the OFS for his bid for Edward II next term.
Being a set designer is not a bundle of laughs. But the sight of a stage coming to life, backdrop glowing in the lights, the doors opening and closing smoothly, actors not falling over any protruding set or mauling themselves on any overlooked nails, must be one of the most gratifying parts of this whole theatre affair.

Angels in America

By Ben Lafferty 

Perhaps no play has ever dramatised the panic, the uncomprehending abhorrence, of the AIDS epidemic better than Angels in America. It does so in ways too subtle and moving to be explained here, except to say that the bitter medicine of its polemic is delivered in the sugar pill of its fantasy. Its juxtaposition of revelatory imagination and decaying, mortal reality cuts to the bone.

Chanya Button doesn’t believe in cliques, but that’s okay, because cliques believe in Chanya Button. I’ve never been able to ascertain whether she’s considered one of Oxford’s finest directors because she has surrounded herself with talented, versatile actors, or if her coterie only seem so good because they get to work with her. The whys and the wherefores don’t matter nearly as much as the result, which is the closest Oxford drama comes to professional quality.

The cast are not uniformly excellent, but each would shine in most student productions. Tim Hoare is beleaguered as only a gay Republican can be, treating his character’s conflict with acumen and sensitivity. Acting opposite him, Natasha Kirk gives some occasionally shallow characterisation by playwright Tony Kushner a sympathetic dimension. Charlie Morrison has a scowling aggression straight out the pages of Tom Wolfe. Leo Marcus-Wan, appearing here in a supporting role, seemingly shimmers onstage. In a play that goes helter-skelter from whimsy to tragedy, he adds a playful sparkle, a cinnamon swirl on the cappuccino froth.

One or two of the performers struggle with the demands of American diction. The otherwise excellent Ellie Nairne is somewhat let down by an overly broad "Neuw Yawk" accent that wanders imperceptibly into a Mel Brooks impersonation.

This is the first time I’ve seen a believable couple on the Oxford stage and I’d always suspected that when I finally did, it would consist of two chaps. Both Gareth Russell and Colin Warriner are fine individually, but their chemistry as a pairing is joyous. Russell, in his lighter moments, is particularly effervescent. In one scene he toys with Hoare’s repressed sexuality with such blithe delicacy as to tear the audience between squirming discomfort and sniggering schadenfreude.

Oh, and another thing. It takes place in the Union Debating Hall. I hold no special veneration for the Union as an institution, but as a performance space it offers a unique atmosphere that none of Oxford’s airport-terminal theatres can match. It isn’t all good news. The hall is plagued by cacophonous acoustics, and a discreet clearing of the throat sounds like a barrage of howitzer fire. While the press (all two of us) were assured that this echo would be absorbed by a full audience, it seems uncertain whether the problem can be resolved altogether.

I haven’t given this show five stars because it is flawless, it is anything but. Button has a ludicrous amount of potential, and if nothing else you can consider seeing this show an investment in future dinner table conversation. You ought to see it not because it is history-making in the most literal sense, but because it is a rare example of ambition realised.

 

The Enemies of Reason?

Heard the one about the healers who can perform internal surgery on you with their bare hands – leaving not a mark behind? Or the woman who thinks we should have 12 strands of DNA, not just 2? It’s what the Atlanteans had – but don’t worry, a small fee and she’ll kindly restore them for you. You’ve got cancer? Don’t worry – if you eat nothing but liquidised grapes for a month, it’ll disappear.  Laughing? You shouldn’t be. These are all genuine ‘treatments’ offered to the desperate: people who have lost faith in conventional medicine, people whom conventional medicine cannot help; and the ‘worried well’: people who have been persuaded that they are ill despite being in the pink of health, by health scammers eager to make money off the gullible and the vulnerable.  Recently, channel 4 showed a two-part documentary, featuring Richard Dawkins, dramatically entitled, ‘The Enemies of Reason’ which targeted such scammers. He was determined to expose how the tricks of the quacks, and the damage they have done. Not content with that, however, he launched an attack on the ‘irrational NHS’, and proponents of all complementary therapy. Is all ‘alternative medicine’ a foolish waste of time? Or would we be fools, to dismiss it out of hand?  ‘Snake-oil under a different name.’It cannot be disputed that ‘alternative’ medicine peddlers have strong associations with quacks, charlatans, and showmen – exploiters of the vulnerable and ill, selling medicines that have no proven health benefits. An inventory of examples and cases can be seen on Quackwatch, a site dedicated to exposing fallacious or misleading health treatments, is part of a circle of sites which tackle a variety of common alternative health treatments, covering aspects as diverse as acupuncture, homeopathy, chiropractic practice, and nutrient scams.  Alternative medicine, the site states, often claims to be holistic, but in fact is extremely narrow: chiropractors believe all ill health is caused by poor posture: acupuncturists think that acupuncture can cure everything from short sightedness to impotence, while health-food advocators often encourage dangerous diets – in extreme cases, consumption of nothing but one food-stuff (grapes, milk, cabbage) for long periods of time in serious illness. And advocates are fond of using jargon or pseudo-scientific terms – ‘energy balance’ ‘quantum interactions’ ‘detoxification’ – to bewilder the potential patient – with possibly fatal results.  For those who think that’s a bit harsh, believing that alternative treatments are at the best helpful, at the worst, harmless, Dr Jarvis, President of the National Council Against Health Fraud, lists the ways in which such treatments harm cancer patients.  “Harm can be direct [as a result of treatment]…Cyanide poisoning from ingesting apricot pits or laetrile, Salmonella dublin infection from drinking raw milk, electrolyte imbalance caused by coffee enemas, internal bleeding from deep body massage, and brain damage from whole-body hyperthermia have all caused needless death of cancer patients.” He also warns that there is much  ‘indirect harm’: diets which weaken the patient, warnings not to trust ‘orthodox’ medical treatment which can lead to fatal delays in seeking professional help, and false reassurances and hope which can be psychologically devastating.  The ‘worried well’, too, don’t escape unscathed. Patients may be told they have cancer or other incurable illness and told to apply potentially harmful cures – for an illness they have not got. If they seek professional advice and are told they are healthy, the alternative practitioner may tell them that conventional medicine is often unreliable in detecting their particular disease. The psychological (as well as physical) damage, again, can be devastating. Even self-medication with over-the-counter herbs carries hidden dangers when their active ingredients interfere with other medication, and can lead to fatalities.  Homeopathy, one of Dawkins’ (and I admit, my own) pet hates, is a scheme of treatment where the active drug is diluted so much in water there is often not a single molecule of the original ingredient left by the time it is given to the patient. Its effects are, to say the least, controversial. Yet the NHS spends around £3 million on it a year, and 8.5% of the British population use it. Despite opposition from the scientific community, including protests from senior doctors and scientists, the NHS has continued funding a treatment that has no real evidence behind it.  Michael Baum is emeritus professor of surgery at UCL who organised one such protest letter last year. In an interview to the Guardian, he voiced his concerns. "My concern is the issue of opportunity cost. If the NHS is spending good money on placebos at the cost of not providing effective medicines, then it does matter. The UCL hospital trust has spent £20m on refurbishing the Royal Homeopathic hospital. If that sum of money was spent on making available Herceptin and aromatase inhibitors [to treat breast cancer], then it could be saving in my own health district 600 lives a year." Absence of evidence is not evidence of absenceThere is a danger, however, that science has a knee-jerk reaction to the sound ‘alternative’ which has resulted in lack of funding and research into very real therapeutic possibilities. There’s a fine line between a healthy and logical scepticism, and smug dismissal of anything vaguely outre.  Realising the potential of some alternative therapies, he National Institute of Health (USA) now has a research wing dedicated to investigating complementary medicine, and it has turned up some interesting results. Meditation has been shown to boost immune activity. Tai-chi may help preserve bone density (and thus fight osteoporosis). Acupuncture is now generally accepted to have a real and significant analgesic effect, possibly by physical stimulation of large sensory nerve fibres (though there are also cases where wrongly applied needles have caused serious injury…) Indeed, much of modern medicine is derived from active ingredients in herbal treatments – aspirin, for example, isolated from willow bark. St John’s wart is generally thought to have no side effects (apart from interfering with some prescription drugs), and effective in treatment of depression. Artemisin, extracted from ancient Chinese herbal remedies long dismissed by the West, turned out to be an excellent treatment for faciparum malaria – increasingly important in an age of chloroquinine resistance. The tricky thing is that medical science can be – and is frequently – wrong. Science, Kuhn proposed, moves in waves of fashion, is hounded by dogma, petty academic rivalry, and stubbornness to change – like the very religions, superstitions, and ‘alternative’ treatments scientists like Dawkins rave against. While no one doubts the tools that science uses are necessary for a rational life – investigation, experimentation, controlled trials – it is only reasonable to doubt that these tools may be misused, trials badly designed, or evidence poorly examined. Just because a treatment claims it’s based on ‘chi’ – and because, to our rational minds, ‘chi’ doesn’t exist – does not mean the treatment doesn’t work. Perhaps it works on perfectly sound physiological principles we in our smug superiority have not yet seen.  Western medicine also has its faults. It’s strongly biochemically based, and in practice often doesn’t take into account enough the patient’s mental outlook, diet, and general condition, preferring to focus on the specific site of injury, and treating symptoms individually as they come up. Wards are understaffed and doctors have little time to listen to patients. Misdiagnoses are understandably made. Sitting in on a GP consultant, I was struck by how many times he interrupted and misinterpreted what the patient was trying to say. Patients often feel undervalued, patronised, and coerced – and confidence and morale are hugely important in recovery. Even Dawkins conceded that alternative medical practioners often spend more time with their patients and that this could have a beneficial effect (‘but not enough to outweigh good science-based medical care.’) While alternative treatments are often in their own way narrow, aspects of their philosophy may still be helpful in providing better care.   It is not as simple as a divide – us against them, science against the 'enemies of reason'. The practitioners of science have their own weaknesses, blindnesses, irrational foibles and fashions. And one day treatments we consider alternative may become not so alternative after all. The real enemies of reason are those who dismiss any challenging idea out of hand, because it poses a threat to their own personal philosophy, whether they call themselves a scientist or not. Links and resources
http://www.quackwatch.com/ – Quack watch
http://www.skeptic.com/ – Sceptic net
http://nccam.nih.gov/research/ – the National Institute of Health (USA)’s funding body for research into alternative and complementary medicine, with current research findings, goals, and information
Cherwell 24 is not responsible for the content of any external links
 

Drama Review: Angels in America

By Srijanee Bhattacharyya

 

Is Angels in America, a Pulitzer prize-winning drama by Tony Kushner set during the Reagan era staged at the ‘site-specific’ Oxford Union, (which was itself once graced by Ronald Reagan himself), a match made in heaven?

 

The play, as ever, remains a fascinating blend of contrasts where fantasy meets gritty reality, stasis interacts with change and humour is irretrievably intertwined with emotion. It creates a harrowing, but worthwhile journey through the lives of the eight unique protagonists who deal with sexuality, identity and relationships with the flawed but understandable approaches of denial and despair. The link between the audience and the characters was enhanced through the intimate nature of the Oxford Union debating chamber, particularly with the highly commendable decision to have the actors already on stage and in character as the audience came in.

 

All members of the cast managed well the difficult task of acting two different roles and gave solid performances. Charlie Morrison (Roy), Colin Warriner (Prior) and Natasha Kirk (Harper) displayed wonderfully the conflicts that their characters faced.  My favourite performance came from Leo-Marcus Wan, whose Mr. Lies captured the idiosyncrasies of the play but whose portrayal of Belize maintained the gravity and humanity of the circumstances the characters found themselves in.  However, the performance was lacking in some other respects. The show might have benefited from a slower pace and unfortunately during a few crucial points in the performance the actors did seem to be shouting for effect. This combined with the theatre-in-the-round direction where the audience were sometimes behind the actors and the rapidity of the dialogue meant that audibility suffered and much of the nuances carefully built up to that point were lost.

 

Nevertheless, the staging of the play was impressive as a whole. The juxtaposition of the two confrontational scenes at the same time on stage was inspired, the first where Joe admits his homosexuality to his wife as she is gripped by mental illness and the second where Prior challenges his partner Louis, who has abandoned him while he is being ravaged by AIDS. The particular props chosen gave a distinct flavour to every scene allowing the audience to interpret exactly what was happening.  This avoided confusion and the minimalist set did not distract from the drama of the play and allowed the characters to flow in and out of the scenes without breaking the relentless drive to the climax of the play.

 

To answer the question posed at the beginning, the show was not so much a match made in heaven but an admirable, grounded performance.  It is worthwhile, especially to see some of the more poignant scenes take place in the unique setting of the Union chamber.