Saturday 19th July 2025
Blog Page 4

Review: Wolf Hall: The Mirror and the Light – “A new sensation”

Hassan Akram
-
0
Review: Wolf Hall: The Mirror and the Light – “A new sensation”

There is a new sensation at Christ Church Drama Society, and it is called Wolf Hall. Adapted from the novel trilogy by Hilary Mantel, the theatrical version of Wolf Hall makes for a marvellous performance, to which this Dramatic Society does more than justice.

The play is performed in the Chapter House at Christ Church, a cathedral-esque room which adjoins the cathedral and gives on to cloisters and a fountain. The setting is ideal for the dark, tragic, but sometimes funny costume drama set in the sixteenth century, a fictionalised biography of Thomas Cromwell which recounts his relationship with Henry VIII and the nefarious court politics underway around them.

Cromwell is played by Tom Allen, one of the best performers of the show, who gives a brilliant picture of a tortured genius. Allen’s bold, hard, sharply controlled features; his complete immersion in Cromwell’s mind and manner; his shrewdness, his dignity, his eloquence, are the marks of an actor of rare and great power. If Cromwell had been recruited by Christ Church Dramatic Society, he could not have made a better job of it.

Ben Groom is vibrant as Henry VIII, interpreting the monarch as a laddish brute, juxtaposed with his moments of tenderness. The scene in which he and Cromwell reminisce about their younger days riding carelessly though the autumn are performed with a sincerity which is difficult to balance with the jaunty tyrant of the rest of the play, but Groom manages it, and he is a pleasure to watch.

Cherwell’s own Billy Jeffs plays Rafe Sadler and, though he has regrettably few scenes and lines, his presence is always magnetic, and the quiet loyalty of the sixteenth-century ambassador is rendered with remarkable subtlety.

Rosie Agnew plays the Lady Rochford with the restraint of character and confidence of acting which is rare and masterful in any performance, let alone student theatre. It is a shame that she was not given a more substantial character with which to display her talents.

Oona Gibbons possesses a restrained power in her turn as the ill-starred Jane Seymour, but is also capable of unselfconscious humour, as can be seen in her exchanges with Harry Williams, who plays her brother Edward Seymour. Williams is a bright and revelatory performer who has not, to my knowledge, acted in student theatre before, but who seems to have found his calling.

Harriet Wellock acts very convincingly as Dorothea, the illegitimate daughter of Thomas Wolsey, but she would have benefitted from more stage time.

Milo Marsh plays Ambassador Chapuys, and such is his complete understanding of that character that the audience does not for a moment doubt that he is the sixteenth-century ambassador of the play. It is a rare talent which can embody a character so well.

Dorina Nencheva plays the fourth of Henry’s wives and does so with a restraint, subtlety, and complete unselfconsciousness in her acting which makes her portrayal excellent.

Cameron Spruce is the scheming, arrogant, contemptuous Wriothesley, who helps plot Cromwell’s downfall. His passionate jealousy makes the room ring, and when he loudly stresses the plosive in “Putney!”, as a mark of his contempt for Cromwell’s birthplace, it is one of the most impactful moments of the play.

Charlie White plays the Duke of Norfolk, a character who has always confused me, because there seemed to be about forty Dukes of Norfolk in the A Level Tudors textbook. There is nothing confusing about White’s performance: it is bold and fantastic; Norfolk’s crudeness and his jealousy against Cromwell are superbly done.

Another of the best performers of the evening is Georgie Cotes, who acts as the future Bloody Mary. She only occupies a handful of scenes and is missing from the second half of the play. But her vivid, ruthless passion, the hard glint of her eye and subtle changes of expression as she performs, the frightening ring of her shouts as she loses her temper – all betoken a truly great performer.

Directors Harriet Wellock and Catherine Williams-Boyle, as well as producers Billy Jeffs and Felix Kerrison-Adams, have done a fantastic job with this production. Anyone who enjoys good theatre should watch it.

‘A constant negative spiral’: Students on Britain’s economic future

Subhan Aslam
-
0
‘A constant negative spiral’: Students on Britain’s economic future

With the UK facing stubborn inflation, stagnant wages, and rent hikes, the country faces pressing questions about its economic direction. We brought together four undergrads for a roundtable discussion. They came from different subjects and different political perspectives, but shared similar frustrations about the economic outlook, the sustainability of pensions, and the strain on public services. They argued over the triple lock on state pensions, debated how to fund the NHS, and considered whether Britain should rejoin the European Union. Despite small points of optimism, the group agreed on one thing: politics as usual is not working, and no party seems ready to change that anytime soon.

If you had to describe how you feel about the direction of the UK right now in one word what would it be?

Michal: Dire

Yassin: Overstretched

Charlie: Apathy

Catherine: Nostalgia

Nostalgia?

Catherine: Not a good sense of nostalgia. When I say nostalgia, I mean a lot of the sort of populist right has this nostalgic rose-tinted view of the past, which seems to be colouring a lot of present politics.

You’re all very negative in your words, care to expand?

Michal: Well the budget is not looking particularly good. Just for some brief background, Labour has been banging on about the £22 billion fiscal black hole that we’ve had since the Conservatives lost the election. And in order to try and mitigate this, they have tried raising taxes to raise about £40 billion, and this is all underpinned by the context of huge inflation, which cumulative from 2019 till April 2025 was 28% which to put in perspective is the equivalent of 14 years of inflation. So it’s not looking good.

Yassin: Since 2008, the average real wage growth in this country has been 1%. That is less than half of the baseline rate from 1997 to 2010 and it’s even lower than under the Thatcher years. And so we’re looking at stagnation at the same time we also have insane structural pressures. Currently 55% of the social welfare budget goes to pensioners. We are spending £145 billion on the state pension, which is triple locked, so it will increase. So you’re telling me, in a situation like that, every pensioner who may own a house, who has enjoyed generational wealth, often enjoy tax-free benefits. They have guaranteed state income, whereas people who are working have more and more precarious working conditions. And on top of that, you have surging property prices and rents. So it’s a very gloomy economic situation. So I would say pretty overstretched and that’s before the defence budget has to increase.

Charlie:  I say apathy, because you have all of these problems, this sort of general sense that the economy is not going anywhere. It’s literally just a constant negative spiral. And neither party seems to be willing to, like, take a look at the bigger picture. Everyone’s chasing, like, 1% growth in the next year. What good’s that actually going to do anyone in the long run? It’s like they’re rearranging the deck chairs on the Titanic as it’s going down.

So we’re all fairly gloomy about the future but now I want to try and push on the specifics of what we’re doing wrong and what we should be doing instead. We’ll start with something you mentioned. The triple-lock on pensions, keep or scrap?

Michal: Scrap

Yassin: Scrap

Charlie: Scrap

Catherine: Scrap

Yassin: First of all, we have to understand the triple lock only came in in 2010 and the UK debt-to-GDP ratio in 2010 because of the recession and the bank crisis, obviously went from around 60% to around 80% but then it was on a decreasing trend. And then we started immediately having austerity. But the triple lock, crucially, was the only part that was spared from austerity. And so you have this concentration of wealth, which is unfair because you’re taxing working people to basically subsidise people who are benefiting from rising state pensions, and it’s unsustainable. Why should I be paying taxes that are if you earn £100,000, 45 plus percent, when some geezer who has a million pounds in wealth is entitled to £11,000 per year, as I get basically no real income wage, and I’m the one suffering in the private rental market. He owns the house which he bought because the government built it cheaply. I don’t think it’s generationally fair. I don’t think it’s sustainably fair. 

Charlie: I absolutely agree that it’s completely unsustainable. And I mean, we know that as a broad sort of growth perspective, the wealth being concentrated in the hands of people with pensions is generating less economic activity. If it’s in the hands of young people, they’re going to spend it and put it back into the economy, whereas if it’s just sat there in someone’s pension fund, then it’s less likely to be providing further economic stimulus.

Charlie: What’s so frustrating about it is, we can all sit here, and all of us know it’s not working, but do any of us actually think that the Labour Party are going to axe the triple lock any time soon? And it’s so evident that we’re just headed for disaster, or things are just going to get worse, and yet no one is willing to actually change it. Because it’s just like political suicide, like everyone is chasing that voter block because they actually turn out. And it’s just like, we all know that they’re not going to change.

Next big issue, do we want to increase NHS funding?

Charlie: Yes, but you need to do so in an efficient manner. You don’t just go in the black hole of NHS management. More investment is needed, but there also needs to be a serious rethink of exactly how we’re spending it to get the best results for the population. 

Yassin: I’m lucky enough to have avoided having to stay in hospital. But the last time I went to A&E about a decade ago I waited 12 hours to be seen. And I’m judging by the responses around the room that things probably haven’t gotten that much better in the past ten years. So I think the issue with the NHS is threefold. Number one, capacity. Beds are being taken up by people who are recovered but need social care. They can’t go somewhere alone, but there is no one there, and so the safest place to keep them is in the hospital bed. So actually, the NHS crisis isn’t even about healthcare necessarily. It’s actually about social care. And I think, you know, we should be forcing people in social care who can afford to fund it themselves. Because I think it’s absurd again, for lower-income or middle-income people to be paying taxes at the highest rate since 1945, more or less to support a class of people who are comparatively speaking, rich. They can sell their assets and finance it, they just don’t want to. So we pay for it, and then they die, and then they get to pass that on as an inheritance. But number two, the NHS crisis also can be fundamentally pinned down to poor planning. So if I look at UK population growth, the UK population around 2000 was 56, 58 million people. Today it’s about to become 70 million. Almost all of that growth is from immigration. Immigration itself is fine. I mean, if it can be planned, skilled workers. I don’t mind. I myself, I’m an immigrant from the Netherlands. But if you look at the stats, most immigrants cluster in specific areas, so some areas are worse off in terms of pressure on social services, on infrastructure, than others. The NHS just hasn’t planned properly for this in terms of where it should be building hospitals. And finally the third thing is political control. I think the reason I’m waiting for 12 hours is probably because it is controlled by politicians. Most countries in Europe or even in Canada, which is the closest we have in terms of a counterpart to the NHS model, have a much greater acceptance of private healthcare. And I don’t necessarily want to support private healthcare insurance, but if you look at the planning system, it makes sense. Most governments would subsidise it for poor people. Those who are middle class and higher income would have it anyway, because they already do with Bupa. So if you’re looking at a sustainable model, the NHS either needs to move to a totally independent funding body and management.

Do you think there’s a risk at all that if people become reliant on private healthcare they’ll be less willing to fund the NHS?

Michal: No, not at all. I think British people are proud of the NHS.

Catherine: You already have a large portion of people spending on private education. That doesn’t mean that people complain about taxes to fund state schools, right? There’s still an element of public common good.

Charlie: A lot of these discussions are happening with a background of pensions, but also Brexit. If we’re being honest, Britain just would be better off back inside the Common Market.

Does everyone agree with that?

Michal: Leaving the European Union has been a detrimental failure of the British government.

Yassin: Brexit. Yeah. There’s a lot of things. I mean, the first thing that comes to mind is, I remember watching Nigel Farage with his little van, like the picture of the Syrian refugees saying they’re coming here. Remember that? You had before Brexit, 200,000 mainly European Union nationals coming in. Now you have 500,000 people vastly from non-white countries. So like, I guess I say this to Nigel, you know, it didn’t really work out in the end.

Across the country, there’s a lot of things that need fixing, right? How do we pay for this? 

Michal: I think the British government needs to rethink what they spend money on and how. We’ve mentioned several things during the time of this discussion. We’ve mentioned the NHS, we’ve mentioned the triple lock system, we mentioned the military and a lot of these things do have private solutions. I’m not saying we should throw the private sector at all of our problems, but there definitely is a conversation to be had about how we can integrate the British private sector in funding the public sector. 

Charlie: I would definitely agree that we need to rethink how we’re spending money. Pensions is a big one we’ve talked about and who exactly is getting state benefits, how we’re redistributing wealth to which parts of the population. And this may be unpopular, but looking at taxes I think people need to seriously consider that compared to how it was in previous decades, a much higher proportion of our tax incomes come from lower income groups than higher income groups. This needs to be addressed whether that’s in the form of inheritance tax, or like a one-off wealth tax, we do need to rethink our taxes.

What do others think about a wealth tax?

Charlie: I know there are logistical problems but a 1% wealth tax rate could raise billions. Whilst it wouldn’t be exactly popular if we’re looking for a solution to not having enough money it’s certainly an option.

Michal: Just to address some of the logistical problems and administrative problems that you mentioned with the wealth tax, we have to remember that wealth is in one spot. It can’t go away. People say, ‘Oh, well, we’ll get a load of capital flight. We’ll lose all this money. All these billionaires will start leaving.’ Sure, but it’s not like they’re going to sell £5 billion worth of real estate in London because we tax them 1%. That’s not going to happen.

Yassin: I disagree with both of you on this one. Norway is a good example. Do you know the biggest category of net migrant flow out of Norway? Billionaires. So tax revenue actually went down because yeah, you can tax my house that’s still in Oslo, fair enough, but my income can’t be taxed if I’m not a resident. I think the best way to achieve growth is not wealth taxes. It’s really very simple. Get to the European Union. It makes sense to boost our economic growth with existing tax rates. Because of high economic growth, we get more revenue. More importantly, we’ll get the skilled labor that we need from the European Union that right now is cut out. And more importantly it gives businesses confidence to invest. Why would I invest in the car industry in Sunderland? It’s not because people in Sunderland are big Toyota fans, it’ll be because Britain can sell to all of Europe. I think that’s a much more sustainable solution than a wealth tax.

Just to finish off the discussion, if you could introduce one economic policy tomorrow what would it be?

Charlie: Rejoin the EU.

Yassin: Get rid of the 1947 town Planning Act, centralise it, and build some goddamn houses.

Michal: Make legal commitments for business-affecting policies. Business doesn’t believe in the UK, because we have poor governance, we have poor planning structure, and we are one of the least productive countries in the G20 this needs to be addressed. And having a little bit of stability for businesses to rely on is something that I think would benefit the economy greatly.

Stanley Smith also contributed reporting

What can office workers learn from The Secret Life of Walter Mitty?

Saskia Maini
-
0
What can office workers learn from The Secret Life of Walter Mitty?

The character Walter Mitty was first brought to life in James Thurber’s short story The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, published in a 1939 issue of The New Yorker. At its essence lies the eponymous figure: a man stuck in routine, escaping into vivid daydreams to find meaning beyond his mundane daily life. The short story resonated strongly with readers, resulting in the 1947 film adaptation (though this version strays far from the original). Over time, it even led to the addition of the word ‘Mitty-esque’ to vernacular American speak in economic, artistic, and literary circles, denoting a person who indulges in escapist daydreams and fantasies. 

Most recently, the story was reproduced in the 2013 film of the same title, directed by and starring Ben Stiller. This is the version which most captured my attention and remains one of my favourite films. I believe it can offer some meaningful takeaways for us all. 

Meet our protagonist: Walter Mitty. He’s a mild-mannered New York office worker, whose humdrum, grey life is defined by routine and restraint. Employed as a negative assets manager at Life magazine, Mitty’s days are uninspiring and predictable. In a half-hearted search for love, he signs up to eHarmony. But when customer service worker Todd Mahar rings him – trying to finish setting up Mitty’s profile – he meets a dead end. Walter Mitty’s profile is just… boring. He has nothing notable to say. Nothing, that is, except for his elaborate daydreams. 

This comes with no lack of irony: the magazine Mitty works for (Life) champions adventure and discovery. Yet it appears to be the very thing which limits his life. Based on the real-life Life magazine which has the motto “To see life; to see the world”, the fictional version of the magazine elevates this ideal one step further. Multiple times throughout the film, we are reminded of the adapted version of the magazine’s inspirational motto:

“To see the world, things dangerous to come to, to see behind walls, draw closer, to find each other, and to feel. That is the purpose of life.”

And yet Mitty – despite working under these very words – appears to be living in total opposition to this philosophy. 

But one day, everything changes when one of his negative assets goes missing: negative #25. It’s an important image taken by the magazine’s elusive photographer, Sean O’Connell. It’s due to be on the front cover of the final issue of Life magazine; the photographer believes it captures the “quintessence of life”. Without the negative, Mitty risks losing his job under the watchful eye of his arrogant, corporate-minded manager, Ted Hendricks, a walking caricature of soulless capitalism. 

Determined to locate the lost negative and track down the aloof O’Connell, Mitty undergoes some extraordinary adventures. He leaps into ice-cold shark-infested waters, hikes through the snow-laced peaks of the Afghan Himalayas, and skateboards through the expansive Icelandic countryside. With every stage of his journey, Mitty seems to develop the very ethos his magazine heralds. Through new adventure, risk, and true human connection, the viewer believes that maybe Mitty is discovering what O’Connell saw through his lens: the quintessence of life. 

In this article I’d like to examine three questions which I believe the average office worker (or hard-working Oxford student) should take from this film to consider. 

First: Does our productivity-focused society turn being ‘Mitty-esque’ into something negative when, in fact, it isn’t negative at all? 

We often hear people described as having their ‘head in the clouds’ or being ‘away with the fairies’. These phrases usually carry a note of subtle condescension. They imply someone is not grounded in ‘real life’ and that is frowned upon. But is this not precisely what creativity demands? Does it not require thinking beyond the confines of reality and entering a more imaginative space, be it the clouds of a magical parallel world? In The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, Mitty is mocked for this very tendency. His boss, Ted Hendricks, cruelly mocks Mitty for zoning out, referring to Mitty as ‘Major Tom’ during one of his escapist episodes, to earn a cheap laugh amongst his colleagues. Hendricks even reprimands Mitty for this daydreaming. Presumably, Hendricks views it as straying away from productivity: a threat to profit-making and a distraction from maximising shareholder gains. But this raises a serious question: are such productivity-focused sentiments quashing essential creativity and individuality in creative environments like a magazine office? In a world increasingly pervaded by AI and large language models, we risk forgetting the value of true human creativity altogether. Whilst we have arguably not reached this extreme just yet, in my view we are certainly at risk of doing so. Perhaps this film could be seen as an early meditation of this: modern invention and uniformity demanded by a work culture obsessed with output could be harmful. 

Second: What can we learn from Walter Mitty as a figure in times of hardship? 

Thurber’s original short story was published in 1939, in the wake of the 1929 Wall Street Crash and the economic hardship and uncertainty of the Great Depression. Taken in this context, perhaps the original Mitty’s daydreaming could be interpreted as escapism from this harsh reality. It is understandable to retreat to an imaginary refuge from a harsh reality. 

And can we not all relate to this to some degree? Could we not all sometimes do with a little escapism? In our world today – in which cost of living crises are rife, mental health issues are more abundant than ever, and the pace of life seems to be spinning out of control – perhaps we could all do with a little distraction. We could all enjoy being taken out of our reality for a while. Escapism is not necessarily avoidance, but more akin to self-care. Picking up a novel, watching a film or listening to some music allow for a pause on reality. Engaging in creative outlets is the timeless method of escapism in which we can all indulge to alleviate the pressures that come with our own realities.

Finally: Can life only be fulfilled by undergoing remarkable adventures or is there another way to realize life’s purpose? 

Towards the end of the film, Mitty eventually traces the missing negative. The image is, to our surprise, of Walter Mitty himself. It is a photo of him sitting in his usual work clothes, outside the office, carefully studying a negative. Sean O’Connell could have chosen any of many photos; we see him travelling around the globe to capture photographs of erupting volcanoes and rare snow leopards. And yet O’Connell pronounces that this picture captures the “quintessence of life”. 

O’Connell justifies this by saying that it is the people who are the quintessence of life. While he is, of course, referring to the Life magazine, in my view this should also be taken in a broader sense. The message relates to life itself. While grand adventures and far away travels can undoubtedly enrich us, they are not necessarily what constitute life’s meaning. Sometimes, perhaps it is the quiet moments that are the most significant. 

To my mind, this is the film’s most enduring lesson. Fulfilment does not always require faraway journeys or cinematic heroic acts. Mostly, we can find it in the small things. After all, life is made up of an amalgamation of our todays.  

Former EiCs criticise OxStu independence decision

Laurence Cooke and Noah Robson
-
0
Former EiCs criticise OxStu independence decision

Oxford Student Union’s (SU) announcement that The Oxford Student will begin the process of becoming an independent publication has prompted criticism from multiple former Editors-in-Chief of the paper.

Currently, the newspaper is owned by the Oxford SU. A memorandum of understanding is in place with the organisation which guarantees its editorial independence. However, a Cherwell investigation earlier this year found that this editorial independence had been suppressed on at least one occasion.

In a statement on Instagram, Oxford SU said it “recognises the important role that student journalism plays in holding institutions to account and keeping the student body informed”. The statement continued: “It is with this in mind, that following a period of extensive consultation with our Board … we have taken the decision to support The Oxford Student to transition to become an independent publication.”

One former EiC of OxStu told Cherwell that they were “extremely disappointed by the recent announcement” and that this would “doom a paper that [I] and many other students since 1991 have helped develop alongside the SU to certain financial failure and a significant weakening of its output.

“This decision has been framed to make it seem that The Oxford Student will benefit from being ‘editorially independent’. However, The Oxford Student is already editorially independent; the only impact of this decision will be an almost certain loss of its print edition, which is at the heart of the newspaper’s very identity, as well as the resources it needs to carry out hard-hitting journalism.”

Two further former EiCs expressed their anger at the decision. One called on the SU to “reverse this ill-founded decision and put the effort in to support student journalism”. 

The same editor told Cherwell that “this is a dark day for freedom of the press and student journalism nationwide. The SU is undermining a newspaper that holds it accountable because it published stories over the last two years that did what good journalism is actually supposed to do – speak truth to power.”

Set up in 1991, The OxStu is run and funded through Oxford Student Services Limited, the commercial arm of Oxford SU.

On the process of the paper becoming independent, the statement said: “The SU will work closely alongside the Editors in Chief to ensure a responsible and smooth transition process.”

The transition will not be immediate, with the SU set to “continue providing financial support … for the first year to aid their establishment as an independent publication”. 

The current editors of The Oxford Student, in a statement for their own article reporting on the subject, said that they were “excited to take on the challenge of independent reporting” and to train student journalists. 

The editors-in-chief of OxStu for Michaelmas 2025 told Cherwell: “We are very excited to work with each other to help The Oxford Student thrive as an independent newspaper. 

“We will do our very best to make sure that the paper continues to uphold high journalistic standards and that it sticks to the editorial values it has always emphasised.”

In the 34 years since its foundation, one OxStu highlight was winning The Guardian’s newspaper of the year in 2001. The latter paper reported on the awards with the headline ‘Cherwell rival wins best student paper’. The outlet has also interviewed several former prime ministers, including Tony Blair and Boris Johnson. 

Through this change, The Oxford Student becomes one of very few student print newspapers in the UK to be independent of a student union. Others include Cherwell, Varsity at Cambridge, and Edinburgh’s The Student. These papers are usually reliant on advertising, subscriptions, and alumni donations to make ends meet. 

From classic to controversial: Religious imagery’s bold evolution

Isheta Ahmed
-
0
From classic to controversial: Religious imagery’s bold evolution

Religious imagery has evolved – from an appreciation of spirituality to a damning critique of religion’s role in society. Significant contributions have been made by artistic eras of religious imagery, including the Medieval and Baroque to modern twists. Yet, does this evolution suggest a pivot from ascribing importance to religion to a slow denigration of its past ideals? 

As just one aspect of ‘visual culture,’ religious imagery has played an instrumental and influential role on society over time. Religious sentiments have long been communicated through cultures in the form of artistic Imagery, denoting the historical era and geographic location of a time period. What this imagery communicates can cultivate the environment it inhabits, influence contemporary beliefs and structure people’s identities.

When recalling early Medieval works, the heritage of iconography from the early Christian church is noticeable. This era underscores distinct craftsmanship and innovative stylistic choices representing Christian symbolism in art across Europe. The iconic image of Duccio’s Madonna and Child (13th – 14th century) is an evocative picture of devotion and intimacy between Mary and the Christ Child. Unlike typical Byzantine iconography, Duccio’s attention to objects such as the parapet, the careful expression of the Virgin and the childlike manner of Christ reveals a palpable closeness. This is a touching incision that lets the viewer into their sacred relationship. 

To the spiritually enticed, the features of Byzantine influence, seen in the oval shape of the Virgin’s face, embody the divine and sacred in art. Religious icons were carried by the spread of Christianity from the empire. The spiritual adherence to icons could no doubt be credited to their aesthetic style, symbolic Imagery and rich colours. As the time period shifted into a storm of iconoclasm, the sacred continued to be appreciated, but with an emotional depth that mirrored or perhaps exceeded the Virgin’s hopeless expression. 

The period of Iconoclasm (regarding the destruction or removal of icons in images) saw a mass censoring of religious art, as the Renaissance period took shape. Just after da Vinci’s mural, The Last Supper (1495-1498), was produced, Iconoclasm emerged from German and Swiss territories in 1521. In his book Reformation and the Visual Arts: The Protestant Image Question in Western and Eastern Europe, Sergiusz describes people performing ritual acts of destroying images to preserve their old faith. Whilst the realism of da Vinci’s renowned work resonated with so many, hostility to religious imagery surged in parts of Europe and beyond.

Regardless of the measure of erasure, there was a ‘gulf’ between the Christians who developed polarising relationships with religious imagery after the Medieval period. By refining perspective, spatial acuteness and anatomical accuracy, da Vinci nonetheless conveyed an intricate emotional landscape. It sprung forth to mind a fear-struck devotion, with a classic hint of betrayal. This type of religious imagery was engaged in daily admiration, much to the dismay of some religious groups.   

By the turn of the 17th century, Baroque artists carved the scene with drama, following the High Renaissance. Caravaggio’s Beheading of Saint John the Baptist (1608) and Rubens’ Descent from the Cross (1614) engage with striking scale, darkness, emotive despair and dramatic movement. 

The two masterpieces, alongside Rembrandt’s The Return of the Prodigal Son (1661-1669), craft light and shadows to move the viewer into a pensive state of piety. Biblical parables, often involving a harrowing theme, unfold like a dark dream to the audience. Brushstrokes full of depth penetrate the emotional surface, making it readily discernible from the pure flatness of Medieval religious art. 

Bold colours and interesting contrast flirt with an idealistic and venerated image of Christ, which aligned with contemporary Catholic sentiments. The Counter-Reformation period saw the portrayal of Christ in art evolve from simpler depictions to a complex and affected Saviour.  At the same time, Ruben transforms the Image of the Virgin, traditionally bowed head and subtle expressions, into an active and supportive figure in the descent of Christ from the Cross. This change in imagery, reflected by a changing audience, illuminated different aspects of Mary’s role in the life of Christ, and was finally being appreciated in art form. 

Oxford is also home to many religious artworks. Keble College holds William Holman Hunt’s The Light of the World (1853). Inspired by the Renaissance, this pre-Raphaelite painting has toured the world and is known to be one of the most viewed art pieces of the 20th century. The works of Rubens, da Vinci and Veronese also feature in the Picture Gallery at Christ Church. The Ashmolean has a beautiful collection of religious pieces, such as Fra Angelico’s Virgin and Child with Saints (1390/95-1455), exhibiting a Renaissance presentation of the Virgin that contrasts with the Baroque depiction.  

However, the image of religious figures like Christ has not always been depicted conventionally. Andres Serranos’ Piss Christ (1987) plays with perspective as the viewer is challenged to, overlooking its material, accept an aesthetically beautiful picture of Christ. In modern times, AI-generated icons similarly reproduce religious images instead of the standard canvas, questioning the perception of religious icons, beliefs and ideas through new-wave mediums. 

This symbolic unfiltered likeness of Christ can barely be said to critique religion’s role in society. Serrano claimed that he was not aware Piss Christ would “blow up” the way it did, admitting he has been “a Catholic all my life.” Despite the national controversy, the artist refutes having any intention to stir trouble implying that his role as an artist merely yields different creative results as a follower of Christ.

In an increasingly secular world, conveying religious meaning traditionally is regarded as an archaic echo of the past. To emulate Medieval, Renaissance, or Baroque religious zeal would be considered unfitting to today’s religious environment. This solemn focus on religious archetypes and symbolism competes with a modern visual culture that embraces a multicolour of faiths, including the growth of non-religious art. 

Blending human curiosity with the unknowable Divine, this bold evolution has seen the survival of religious imagery in unusual forms, from generative AI tools to abhorrent photography practices. As time progresses, devoted outlooks to religious imagery clash captivatingly with the obscene and mundane. All this only provokes the question: how far down the creative rabbit hole can we go before religious imagery ceases to adhere to any religious ideals at all?

Review: CRUSH – ‘A classic coming-of-age’

Beatrix Arnold
-
0
Review: CRUSH – ‘A classic coming-of-age’

Rumours of drastic script revisions and casting changes meant that I entered The North Wall (a former swimming pool, so I’ve been told), with a degree of apprehension. But in any case, the debut performance of CRUSH, written and directed by Hannah Eggleton, was well worth it, a production more polished than laborious. The result was an elevated coming-of-age story, rendered with all the trappings of the teenage experience. 

The six person cast was deployed efficiently, with actors taking on multiple roles, sometimes even within the same scene. The comedic effect that comes as an almost inevitable corollary of this technique, so often a point of dramatic weakness, was embraced in CRUSH with a metatheatrical self-awareness. Such an effect complemented the extensive breaking of the fourth wall, whereby the protagonists would shift to address the audience with expository remarks, and over-the-top reactions to events onstage. The play insisted upon the melodrama of the secondary school experience, without detracting from its emotional impact. 

The entire production was focalised through the perspective of Annie. Juliet Taub offered a holistic and convincing portrayal of an awkward teenager, complete with naturalistic body movement. Forever fidgeting and shuffling, her speech was inflected with the clumsy cadence of insecurity. Hannah Eggleton’s performance as Jo was a highlight; her acerbic quips, immediately deflating Annie’s romantic tendencies, made the chemistry between the two best friends veristic and compelling. Isabelle Carey-Young’s lighting, in its visual reflection of Annie’s interiority, invested the play with greater emotional depth. The lighting shifts were sharply executed, and matched Annie’s abrupt vacillation between delusion, anxiety, anger, and more, with appropriate hues. The use of sound was equally commendable, particularly the high-pitched tone that formed the sonic counterpart to Annie’s spiralling anxiety. 

What stood out for me most about CRUSH was its sure-footed understanding of dramatic pacing. The narrative was taut, with a brisk run time of eighty-five minutes, steering well clear of the self-indulgent protractedness characteristic of much student drama. Shifts in tempo, although appearing initially to be counter-intuitive, were exploited to great effect. The peaks of emotional intensity were ruthlessly circumscribed, affording the audience only disparate hints at the darker undercurrent to the narrative, which was otherwise deceptively superficial. The discovery of the liaison in the chapel, for instance, was limited to an unsettling glimpse, the dim lighting an apt reflection of its swathes of indeterminacy. Such tantalising restraint, and the studied avoidance of prolixity, lent the most emotionally fraught moments even more impact. By contrast, other more quotidian occurrences like classroom scenes were drawn out, forcing the audience to experience the full excruciation of secondary-school embarrassment along with the protagonists. The pacing amplified the agony of being asked for a ‘fun fact’, for example, the melodramatic stress on minutiae mimicking teenage perceptions in a way that must have been familiar to every spectator. 

The double nature of the narrative’s emotional valence, with the levity of the high-school histrionics offset by a darker, more subdued undertone, was masterfully handled in the dialogue. The over-the-top interactions in the schoolroom, replete with quips and visual comedy, stood in effective juxtaposition to the moments of greater profundity, where the blunt, naturalistic dialogue, verbally enacting Annie’s disjointed confusion, injected the scenes with an unsettling immediacy.

It cannot be said that CRUSH is achieving anything particularly ground-breaking. The coming-of-age narrative, the boarding school dynamics, the teenage stereotypes – all of these were conventional in their depictions.Yet, far from being a weakness, this turned out to be an advantage. They avoided falling into the trap of focusing on a sensationalist, avant-garde premise, liable to become married by over-ambition and unattainable expectations, but did what they set out to do with exemplary finesse. With its combination of witty dialogue, competent production, and compelling performances, CRUSH stands as a consummate achievement, testament to the burgeoning potential of everyone involved. 

Running on treadmills: Milan Kundera’s meditations on Slowness

Lloyd Doré-Green
-
0
Running on treadmills: Milan Kundera’s meditations on Slowness

Sometimes it takes a new word to express an old feeling. Until the age of around fourteen I spent many of my evenings brokering complex agreements with a God I thought I believed in: “If I get full marks in that test tomorrow, I’ll pray to you every day from now on.” I never really meant any of these promises – my fingers remained metaphorically crossed behind my back – but God was a willing dupe and, much of the time, I seemed to get what I wanted. And so it continued for several years. One fateful day, bored and with little better to do, I came across a video of the celebrated New Atheist, Christopher Hitchens, lambasting some poor, tongue-tied Christian or other about the non-existence of God. I was converted – not by the quality of the arguments, nor by Hitchens’ rhetorical flair, but by the sudden realisation that atheism, a lack of belief in God, was even on the table. I didn’t feel I had gained anything new; I felt that an old, deep feeling had finally been given a voice.

The most recent comparable addition to my vocabulary has come from the brilliantly addictive bibliography of Milan Kundera, the Franco-Czech novelist most famous for The Unbearable Lightness of Being. Despite his persecution at the hands of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, Kundera’s novels remain surprisingly apolitical. Their world is one of relativity and uncertainty. As he put it himself in The Art of the Novel, ‘every novel says to the reader: “Things are not as simple as you think.”’ His works are not passive, however. Tendencies which would undermine the nuances and ambiguities of the novel are frequently criticised. In earlier works, like The Joke and Laughable Loves, this is the totalitarian impulse, and its accompanying need for absolute moral clarity. Later, in Immortality and Slowness, it is the modern world’s breakneck speed, the desire for convenience rather than complexity, which is named and analysed. Professor Avenarius, a character in Immortality, calls it ‘Diabolum’.

‘Diabolum’ describes anything which demonstrates our need for speed, like the cars whose wheels Avenarius slashes in night-time escapades, but also refers to the abolition of anything which might make us feel, even for a moment, like we are wasting our time. In Immortality, which was written prior to the invention of the smartphone and the widespread adoption of the internet, this is the substitution of silence with perpetual noise, the replacement of in-depth radio with jingle-ridden nonsense and the oversimplification of complex ideas to reductive images. But it has only become more omnipresent as time has gone on – myriad examples no doubt come to mind. Indeed, Avenarius believes that, as a political force, it is unstoppable. Kundera’s novels, which show us the beauty to be found in life’s shades of grey, show us also what we stand to lose in the rush to cram as many things as possible into every moment: life itself.

Slowness, Kundera’s first novel in French, picks up the gauntlet thrown down by Immortality. The opening, in which a frustrated driver races to his destination, immediately evokes Avenarius and the question of ‘Diabolum’. How can we resist it? At the end of the novel, Kundera compares the homebound journeys of two unsuccessful lovers: an 18th century chevalier and a young 20th century man, Vincent. The Chevalier will return to Paris by the slow trot of a carriage; Vincent will hurtle back on his motorbike. The Chevalier will savour his memories of the night; Vincent already has his mind set on the future. The pace of his journey represents the speed of his forgetting. For Vincent, this is precisely the point: he wants to outstrip his memory. But, by rushing forward, he will not feel, process, learn or grow; he will only forget. In the Chevalier, on the other hand, there is ‘a sign of happiness’. He is not clinging onto the past, but life itself.

In our desire to do and achieve everything, we often forget that slowness too is a virtue. Kundera does not give us a political solution to ‘Diabolum’, the invisible hypnotist distracting us from life itself – perhaps Avenarius is right and none exists, or perhaps the problem is simply not of interest to Kundera. He does, however, provide us with a personal one: slowing down. Stylistically, the end of Slowness mirrors the end of Camus’ Myth of Sisyphus. Both end with a haunting, almost ethereal, image, which sticks with us, reminding us to truly live and feel, rather than run away. Only by stopping to think can we find ourselves, and the ‘capacity to be happy, [on which] hangs our only hope.’ It is not true that the tortoise always beats the hare. But the hare who does not stop, every so often, to notice his surroundings will one day realise he was running on a treadmill all along.

The sibling dilemma

Beatrix Arnold
-
0
The sibling dilemma

It is no revelation that growing up
with siblings necessarily shapes
character, their influence less
deliberate but often just as enduring
as parents. As the middle child of five,
I’ve never known life without them – not
to mention my extended family, which,
since my mum is one of eleven siblings,
always promises a chaotic Christmas.
As we progressed academically, rivalry
was inevitable, and the compulsion to
compare was not assuaged by my parents;
I definitely don’t miss the side-by-side
comparisons of school reports that had
such a seminal influence on my teenage
development. My older sisters, with their
uninterrupted string of perfect grades,
set the precedent, and when the eldest
graduated with a First from Cambridge,
my fate was sealed. In spite of this, we’ve
always been close. A sheltered countryside
upbringing and proximity in age made us
constant companions by default, so that
the shift as we each leave for university is
freshly disorienting every time.

Between us, we cover the spectrum of
communication styles; we’d make an ideal
sample set for a psychological study. The
eldest, with frequent phone calls, updates
on her crochet projects, and requests for
pictures of our dog, has never felt far away.
Paradoxically, going our separate ways
has brought us closer together; distance
makes you appreciate those aspects of a
person which continuous proximity tends
to dull. The second oldest couldn’t be more
of a contrast: her default setting is radio
silence. None of us know her whereabouts
at any given moment. I’m still reeling
from the night when I bumped into her
in Bridge, without even knowing she
was in Oxford. A reaction on the group
chat, or, if we’re lucky, a photo every few
months, are the few fragmentary glimpses
we’re afforded into her external existence,
otherwise kept discrete from her home
life. Each has adapted to independence in
a drastically different way.

I like to think I strike a good balance,
calling regularly enough for mutual
reassurance, while maintaining the
right level of separation to foster selfsufficiency. Whenever I go back home, no
matter the interlude, it’s easy to slot back
into its unbroken rhythm, as if resuming
a conversation we’ve been having for
years. The fallacy of a space frozen in time
overrides all complications; I find myself
stubbornly ignoring the extra centimetres
my brother has gained in my absence, out
of a desire to find him unchanged. Home
feels like a constant: the march of time,
which, at university, sweeps me up in its
progression, seems to decelerate when
I’m back in the milieu of my childhood.
My youngest sister, who never says
“Goodbye”, or “Welcome home”, provides
comforting continuity. Even if I’ve been
gone for months, I can expect the same
rapport, balanced with a unique ability
to antagonise me, the same secondaryschool gossip, the same caustic judgement
of whoever I’m dating at the time.
Despite its appearance of static
progression, things do change at home.
But no matter the developments that
come with moving out, no matter the
level of communication we maintain
while apart, I’ve never felt estranged from
my siblings. It’s comforting to know that
they’ll continue to be witnesses to my
life – getting on my nerves and stealing
my clothes – whether we’re in the same
nightclub, or halfway across the world.

Bonding, identities, and connections through music

Maya Mukherjee
-
0
Bonding, identities, and connections through music

Charles Darwin puzzled over the idea that “neither the enjoyment nor the capacity of producing musical notes are faculties of the least use to man” and eventually concluded that music evolved “for the sake of charming the opposite sex”. 150 years later, we have tweets proclaiming that “a girl following him on Spotify is a hundred bodies”. Clearly, music is a profound force driving relationships; shared music taste is one of the fastest ways to develop mutual respect and feelings of compatibility. 

Scientists have been associating music with cooperation, social bonding, and empathy for decades. One of the ways music causes this effect is through promoting ‘self-other merging’ – a phenomenon where we begin to relate to other people so closely that their identity and experiences begin to overlap with our own. Even the term itself is evocative of just how powerfully music can bring people together. Music takes many different forms in the social sphere, from small orchestras rehearsing together to the masses dancing at a festival. It’s the mingled sweat and anticipation inside a venue as your favourite artist first takes the stage, the excited chatter as you flood out afterwards. It’s the feeling of community that drives us to buy band tees and to smile when, unprompted, somebody else puts on your favourite song. 

The depth of emotion that can be found in music is responsible for much of its power – sharing your music with someone always feels deeply personal and revealing. As time goes on, this process has become easier and easier – we’ve moved from making mixtapes and burning CDs to tapping a button and having Spotify automatically ‘blend’ together songs from both your accounts, seemingly at random. The Spotify blend is, frankly, soulless and rotten. It destroys the thrill of painstakingly selecting songs that you think the other person will enjoy but that also (and often more importantly) manage to show off the full range of your own excellent taste. Music, after all, plays a critical role in representing to others the kind of person you are. That’s why “so what kind of music do you listen to?” is a standard first date question, and why I personally feel a cloud of stress descend whenever I’m given the aux at pres. 

Online streaming has even begun to socialise the more isolated aspects of listening to music. Every October, people begin to lament that they’ve been listening to ‘embarrassing’ music and will be exposed by Spotify Wrapped. Not sharing your Wrapped is, of course, not an option. It’s simply too tempting to imagine that people are nodding their heads approvingly and letting out whistles of appreciation at the cold, hard evidence of your listening habits. 

The intense vulnerability that artists often reveal in their songs is responsible for many of the ways we can connect to music. However, it can also lead people to develop a parasocial attachment to the artist, feeling that they know them and their situation personally. Across the world, the largest and most devoted fan groups follow musicians in a way that very few artists across other mediums have managed to replicate. These fan groups often reveal the darker side of the potent social bonding arising from music. Obsession with chart success and sales drives dynamics similar to those found among sports fans who pore over statistics and denigrate other teams at every chance. 

It’s a capitalistic, tribalistic view of art that turns music into an industry-driven arms race where loyalty must be visibly proven, often in ways only possible via spending. Think of fans attending ten consecutive tour dates, queuing for days in front of a venue, or boasting about large collections of differently coloured but otherwise identical records. Fan communities are frequently hostile to ‘outsiders’ and ‘newcomers’ – any girl who has worn a classic band t-shirt will have been challenged to name three of that band’s songs at some point. They must be ‘worthy’ of wearing the shirt, since by doing so they become representatives of an exclusive group who defines itself through allegiance to their preferred artist. 

This kind of thinking means that external validation of the group, some sign that their dedication has been a positive use of time, assumes a significant role. Hence, the close focus on chart success, streaming numbers and even celebrity endorsements, all boosting the commercialisation of fandom. Die-hards were over the moon when Anne Hathaway posted pictures in an Arsenal shirt; Kyle MacLachlan embracing Charli xcx’s BRAT was met with unadulterated glee by the surprisingly large intersection of Twin Peaks and hyperpop fans.

Bonding through music is a critical part of being human. It plays such an involved role in our lives that it’s often impossible for people to imagine a time before recorded music, when life was conducted without the background of 100,000 minutes listened per year on Spotify. Leonardo da Vinci considered music to be inferior to painting because it “evaporates in an instant”. Nowadays, of course, you could argue that being able to continuously and indefinitely repeat a song negates this point. 

But that isn’t how we tend to listen to our favourite songs – we crave a live, communal experience, because the ephemeral nature of music only heightens the effect of hearing it together. Long after the final notes of the song have faded or the band has left the stage, the emotional effect lingers on in you and the people around you, united by the knowledge that the feeling is both shared and unique to that moment.

Cultural Fashion at the Queen’s Confluence Dinner

Mari-May Ozkan
-
0
Cultural Fashion at the Queen’s Confluence Dinner

Not often do I get to break out the Middle Eastern kaftan hanging idle in my wardrobe; it is simply too lavish for a two-course second sitting, yet not quite formal enough for black tie and port-sipping. Therefore, when signups opened for the annual Confluence dinner at my college (thanks to equalities rep Rach Tan!) , the excitement was immediate. My kaftan’s gold embroidery could finally see the light of day.

We started the evening with bubbly flutes of champagne in The Queen’s College OTR, a quaint room that certainly appeals to the dark academia romantics out there: plush leather couches, an overwhelming amount of carved wooden furnishings, and the college arms painted above an antique fireplace. However, instead of a sea of black suits and bowties, the room was lit with fabric swathes of intense emerald, yellow, and red. Glasses clinked as students guessed where each piece of clothing hailed from, admiring the clean lines of black kohl and meticulous folds of saris. 

Using my privileges as a Cherwell Fashion Editor, I had the opportunity to photograph fellow Queen’s students adorned in their cultural dress. Standout pieces included a blue qipao with lush navy trimmings, a radiant gold sari embellished with crystals at the hem, and a traditionally-patterned yellow A-line dress hand-sewn in Nigeria. 

The menswear was not to be glossed over either. First-year law student Alex Sidebottom told Cherwell: “My dad’s sherwani has a couple stains, but it’s nice to wear something he wore on his wedding. Even if the threads are coming loose.” Also spotted in the men’s department was a keffiyah scarf on a dusty grey matching set. A welcome change to the rather stale black suit and tie sported at every single formal occasion.

The dining hall may have been the same, with your standard three courses (fish as the entree, in classic Queen’s style), but the stories told across the table were suddenly more intimate. I felt proud when one of the servery staff asked where my dress was from – more so than if I’d been wearing my usual Hot Topic attire. My kaftan is different to the threads I typically throw on before hurrying over to the China Centre for a lecture. Traditional clothing is a celebration of where we’re from, stitched delicately into where we are now. 

The term ‘mixing pot’ is one often heard in reference to the UK. As cliché as it may sound, it is undeniable that our culture has been shaped by hundreds of others (I still giggle every time I hear a rogue mashallah!). Why shouldn’t that apply to our dress sense too? As I sat in the hall, finishing my third glass of wine for the night, I mourned the loss of opportunities to wear a shalvar, or that very kaftan. Rest assured, she will no longer hang endlessly in my cupboard when the next second sitting rolls around.

1...345...2,515Page 4 of 2,515

Support Student Journalism

Cherwell is Oxford’s oldest independent newspaper, established in 1920. We are entirely student-run. By supporting us, you will contribute to keeping our paper in print and online. Every donation makes a difference.

Donate

Explore

Follow us

More

Oxford Student Publications Limited © 2025 - All Rights Reserved | Privacy Policy

Website by James Ashley