Wednesday 25th June 2025
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Top 20 Tracks of 2013

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We’ve already taken you through the villains of 2013 – but it’s also been a good year for music. Here we take you through the best songs of the year.

20. BugattiAce Hood ft. Future and Rick Ross

19. Bashful Kwes

18. Freak, Go HomeDarkside

17. MisunderstoodoOoOO

16. Badman CityKahn ft Flowdan

15. Aleph Gesaffelstein

14. Harm in ChangeToro Y Moi

13. Grammy (Soulja Boy Cover)Purity Ring

12. AerialFour Tet

11. No Doubt Lil Silva ft Rosie Lowe

10. Organ Eternal – These New Puritans

TNP’s move toward the orchestral is embodied in this majestically understated number.

 

9. Sosa(d) – Lil Cloud x Druture

Chief Keef’s slurred threats moulded into a thing of ambient beauty.

 

8. The Owls – Felicia Atkinson

Drone so delicate and exploratory it’s almost jazz. Like a feminine Fuck Buttons.

 

7. Boring Angel – Oneohtrix Point Never

A simple, yet kaleidoscopically beautiful, progression.

 

6. High Street – Blood Orange ft Skepta

A wistful paean to London meandering in and out of a ghostly beat like a preoccupied youth wandering through the backstreets of Tottenham after dark.

 

5. Semena Mertvykh – Boards of Canada

At the last, Boards of Canada’s much-heralded LP ‘Tomorrow’s Harvest’ descends into understated oblivion.

 

4. The Mahdi – Underachievers

For all the noise around Chance the Rapper, there was no better hip-hop made in 2013 than this- conscious, gorgeously produced and with flows potent enough to make grown men weep. ‘We be that Elevated Mafia.’

 

3. Blackpool Late Eighties – James Holden

Holden’s 2013 LP ‘The Inheritors’ was like the malformed brother of Oneohtrix Point Never’s more widely acclaimed ‘R Plus 7’, an analogue exploration of the weird pathways of the human mind. Blackpool is a rare moment of beauty amidst the fractal insanity.

 

2. Enter Paradise – Vatican Shadow

Simultaneously guttural and apocalyptic.

 

1. Niggaz Dying – Fat Trel

If Chief Keef read Nietzsche, he might produce something like the auto-tuned nihilism of Niggaz Dying. The cavernous production leaves plenty of space for the lyrics to have full impact as a chilling rebuttal to those who think hip-hop exclusively glorifies violence. ‘They shooting for nothing. They shooting to kill.’

 

and…

Biggest disappointment: Cyril Hahn- Perfect Form

In many ways, 2013 was the RnB bootleg wunderkid’s year, as his star continued its meteoric rise in a wild collision of astronomical metaphors. But could he translate his ethereal house template to a proper solo release and chart success? No. The result was sickly sweet, anodyne and immediately forgettable, leaving the faltering deep house revival still searching for a figurehead with more musical personality than Ben Pearce, that guy from Disclosure or that other guy from Disclosure.  

Tinder: The busy student’s dating solution?

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Until recently I had a deal with myself: if I didn’t find love by the time I left Oxford and end my lonely streak of singledom, I would try online dating. But definitely not until after Finals (too distracting) and, besides, I wasn’t convinced I’d have the balls when it came down to it.

Then Tinder happened. Suddenly everyone was talking about it. It seemed to have some things going for it: a young user-base, minimal commitment and a design that made it almost a game. One night, my friends and I got curious and thought we’d see what all the fuss was about; three hours later, we were still huddled over smartphone screens endlessly swiping.

Like many Tinder users, I seem to have become evangelical, whipping out my phone at every opportunity to explain its virtues. If you haven’t had it explained to you already by a Tinder enthusiast, the way it works is this: you sign up, and your Facebook profile is mined for photos, contacts and pages you’ve liked. (The information transfer is thankfully only in one direction: it doesn’t announce to your Facebook friends that you’re looking for love/on the pull). Very quickly, you have a profile with a few photos, your first name, age and an optional ‘about me’ section.

Then you can begin swiping: right for ‘like’, left for ‘nope’. Photos surrounded by half naked girls? Nope. Terrible facial hair? Nope. “YOLO”? Nope. Cute man with dog? Yes please! Then if you’re lucky, he’ll have liked you too, and your photos will spin together and the app will jubilantly declare that “it’s a match!” You can now talk to each other. With the barrier of initial attraction removed, it’s now down to your communication skills to move the match forward. Crucially, you never know that someone has ‘noped’ you, thus sparing your ego; and once you’ve matched and got talking, you already know that they think you’re hot, sparing you the shot-in-the-dark approach of a normal dating site (or indeed real life). Is it shallow, to dismiss another human being with a leftwards swipe of the thumb? Perhaps, but even the liveliest of chat wouldn’t have created an attraction to those I’ve ‘noped’.

There is one way in which it doesn’t seem to work, however. Despite allowing users to ask to be shown men and/or women according to their sexuality, my friend discovered that Tinder’s approach to ‘female interested in women’ is to throw lots of men at her, as if to say “we don’t have any women for you right now, but have you considered this charming-looking man? Or this one?” I am not sure if this is a software glitch or a misunderstanding of sexual orientation, but either way, my friend was unimpressed. With Tinder seemingly only for straight people and Grindr for gay men, the only lesbian dating app we can find is Brenda, which has 7 users in Oxford and a terrible interface in an unattractive lavender colour. And so my friend cannot join in the dating app fun. Disappointing.

The night we join Tinder in late November, my friends go through all the men within their few-mile radius. Next morning, hundreds more have joined. Suddenly, half of Oxford is on Tinder. Because Oxford is actually pretty tiny and you have about two degrees of separation from anyone you meet, it all feels very safe: Tinder tells you when you have mutual Facebook friends, and shared ‘interests’ (though a shared interest in the page ‘Marmite’ or ‘Scrubs’ mainly serves to remind me that I liked some naff pages when I was 15). The men I talk to all seem pretty decent. After two days, a couple of friends and I are heading out on our first Tinder dates.

Nobody seems to know quite what Tinder is for, and despite swiping and matching and chatting and dating, I still haven’t worked it out. This is partly because I don’t really understand men, but also because its makers have left its purpose fundamentally ambiguous: its tagline is ‘discover those around you’, which doesn’t clear up many questions.

The ‘straight Grindr’ reputation means that some people must be using it as a tool to find sex. By avoiding the bare torso and bodybuilding shots, I don’t match with all that many of these, but even among the men I do match with, I suspect many aren’t looking for beautiful romance. Some people definitely do go for the more direct approach. Dan asks “how does it feel to be the hottest girl on Tinder?” (thanks Dan, I’m blushing), and Daniel offers me a holiday hook-up (half of Oxford’s Tinder seems to be called Daniel). Others take a little while to get round to the point: after a long chat, a charming pilot-in-training casually gives me his number and assures me that, if I was considering sending him some naughty photos, he’d definitely reciprocate (how gentlemanly). My friend dates (another) Daniel who tells her that, on his first night of Tindering, a lady he’d been talking to turned up at his accommodation unannounced. There’s no point being too snarky about people looking for no-strings sex, though, because Tinder definitely has the potential to be used along the same lines as Grindr.

On the other hand, there seem to be a fair few men who genuinely want to chat, get to know you and go on some formal dates. My friends and I speak to more men and have more dates than I think we’ve ever had. We also meet people we’d probably never have met in ‘real life’. Between us we talk to composers, athletes and comedians, and meet nervous French students, Polish millionaires with regrettably right-wing views, funny men with no ‘spark’, and younger men from other colleges. I meet American post-grad J for coffee, and drinks, and dinner, which is all going excitingly well (three dates!!) until he calls it off.

After being slightly crushed by text message, I listen to morose Smiths songs and stare moodily out of the window and overanalyse everything with my (long-suffering) friends. I also swear off Tinder… for a whole five hours. It actually proves to be an excellent post-rejection tool: an instant way to prove to yourself that people still fancy you and remind yourself that the world is full of single, attractive people; fish in the proverbial sea. J might not like me, but John and James and Jack are there to give my spirits a boost. Is it mentally healthy to seek validation from random men in Oxford finding six carefully-selected photos of me attractive? Probably not, but it works. I don’t think I’m the only one using it for an ego boost, either. Plenty of people match but then never start a conversation, content in the knowledge that they’ve mutually considered each other hot.

I wonder if Tinder is a fad. I hope it’s not. I may not yet have found love, but it’s certainly livened up my love life. ‘Discovering who’s around you’ can only be a good thing. It’s bloody distracting, though.

Varsity Review

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It’s a week after my return, and I’m sitting at home, still kitted out in the free ‘stash’ and wallowing in post-Varsity blues. I’ve had the slideshow of photos on loop, swooning over the fit rep on whom we all developed a mild crush and re-living the heavy bashing my body (and dignity) received out on the slopes of Tignes. Despite discovering that skiing wasn’t my calling, the Après-ski and cheesy clubs that were more ‘Wahoo’ than ‘Camera’ provided unadulterated enjoyment, as well as memories that will outlast my bruises and fraying wristband.

Arriving late on Saturday night after a nauseating coach journey, I decided to drop out of bar-hopping in favour of a good night’s sleep before the first lesson, fearing the deathly recipe of a hangover and my general lack of balance. Peering down from the top of the mountain the next morning, however, and seeing skiers who had whizzed past me nanoseconds before become little specks, I could only think of how useful some Dutch courage might have been. Skiing was an alien world for me. ‘Mogul skiing’, for example, refers to skiing over the alpine speed-bumps intended to add difficulty and excitement, rather than (as I had naively assumed) a piste reserved for those on the Forbes rich list.

The Après-ski most afternoons was spent lounging in a deckchair with a cup of mulled wine to warm our frostbitten fingers; that is, until the calm was disrupted by the release of freebies from the Varsity reps, unleashing the ubiquitous Oxbridge competitiveness amongst students fighting tooth and nail for a free t-shirt. In fact, Après-ski became a hotbed for Oxbridge rivalry, which reached its climax during the Thursday Varsity rugby match that Oxford won 33-15 (despite playing most of the second half with 14 men), giving the usual Après-ski rowdiness of drunken dancing on tables an Oxbridge makeover.

The nightlife, like the skiing, improved steadily as the week went on, particularly after we’d all accepted that the alcohol prices were as steep as the slopes. The sports hall-turned-club of the Opening Night party was transformed into a gigantic Oxbridge bop, complete with a loose theme of Safari fancy dress. Animal-like pushing and shoving in the queues for the single bar created an icy atmosphere and, with since overpriced spirits did not result in good moods, by 1am Katy B was performing to a half-empty venue. We hadn’t yet left behind the ‘tute-in-the-morning’ mentality. 

By the second night, we had found the only two clubs in the resort; ‘Melting’ and ‘Blue Girl’ – deceptively different by name but equally dingy inside. But after loosening our purse strings for the €7 beer, it proved easier to embrace the Europop and interesting remixes. By the third night, ‘Melting’ became our go-to club, where we’d stay till it emptied out and the DJ started yawning, giving us a sure cue to leave. There was a significantly lower turnout on the slopes by mid-week, when only the fanatic skiers were willing to sacrifice sleep for a ‘good run’. However, I had made a pact with myself to get out of bed every day and see my lessons through. Although the skiing functioned primarily as an Oxbridge mixer, with the five minute chairlift rides as speed dates for making new pals, by the end of the week I could manage a blue piste without a single fall.

Naturally, the trip was a tempered Oxbridge adaptation of the ‘Snow, Sex and Suspicious Parents’ – Tignes episode. But it delivered in laughs and, with a great show from Rudimental on the final night, the chilled-out (if chilly) atmosphere gave us the chance to socialise without being burdened by a looming essay deadline – almost like a second Fresher’s week. 

Taking The Mask Off Burial

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The latest offering from London producer William Bevan, aka Burial, is the fantastic ‘Rival Dealer’, a three-track EP proving to be his most divisive release to date. Part of his fanbase claims that this is his best release since 2007’s ‘Untrue’ while others claim he’s watering down his music and selling out. The second criticism is obviously ridiculous; two of the songs run past 10 minutes and the title track is a homage to the rave music Burial grew up listening to – hardly commercial gold. I also disagree with the first criticism, and hopefully any naysayers can be convinced by taking a look at Burial’s previous output.

Bevan’s existence in the world of music is one of true anonymity; he never makes public appearances or plays live shows, only very rarely gives interviews, and managed to release two highly acclaimed albums before we even knew his real name. One might expect that all this would distance fans from his music, but the exact opposite is true: his anonymity heightens the intimacy of what is already introspective music. The lack of live performances is hardly an issue either; Burial is headphone music, designed for isolated listening. It has always been a contradictory mixture of light and dark, simultaneously hopeful and melancholy; it’s cathartic, and while some tracks could be called dance music, the best time to listen to it has always been when you feel alone.

He’s mellowed in recent years, but Burial’s early production style was darker, rougher, more visceral. The beats were skittery, the bass switched between smooth and twitchy, the sound was cavernous. By removing some of the more jarring electro elements from this and giving the music more breathing space, he created one of the most hauntingly beautiful electronic records ever in ‘Untrue’. Since then, Burial hasn’t given us another full album, preferring to release occasional songs and EPs as and when. Starting with ‘Kindred’ in 2012, his music took on a more expansive feel, with songs regularly clocking in at over 10 minutes long and comprising several movements. People welcomed this change in style, praising the more experimental approach Burial had taken, whilst still ‘sounding like Burial’.

So why the indignation over the change on ‘Rival Dealer’? The production has shifted away from the jittery darkness of previous work, but the philosophy and soul behind the music is intact. Littered across the songs are samples of people discussing identity and sexuality; ‘Come Down to Us’ finishes with an excerpt of Lana Wachowski’s acceptance speech for the HRC’s Visibility Award, in which she discusses being transgender. In a rare communication with the public, Burial texted into Mary Anne Hobbs’ radio show regarding the EP: “… I wanted the tunes to be anti-bullying tunes that could maybe help someone to believe in themselves, to know that someone out there cares and is looking out for them. It’s like an angel’s spell to protect them against the dark times and the self-doubts.” Bevan still sees his music as providing comfort, and ‘Rival Dealer’ is just a natural progression for him; turning down the dark and stepping out of the shadows to give people hope in his own small way.

Review: Journey by Moonlight

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As anger sparks at the recent actions of the Hungarian far right Jobbik party, whose members have erected a statue of the Nazi collaborator Miklos Horthy at a church in Budapest, it is worth remembering the voice of one of those many Hungarians persecuted under Horthy’s rule.

Antal Szerb, author of the stunning Journey by Moonlight (Utas és holdvilág) was one of around half a million Hungarian Jews to be deported to concentration camps, such as Balf, where he died aged forty three. Unsurprisingly for a writer of the time and place in which Szerb found himself, much of Journey by Moonlight revolves around death. What makes it extraordinary is the curiosity, sensuality and generosity with which it considers life.

Roughly speaking, Journey concerns the adventures of one couple separated on their honeymoon: disparate Mihaly, tormented by nostalgia for the astonishment of youth and wracked with guilt at his inability to mature into bourgeois adulthood; and sheltered Erszi, longing to flirt with the passions of the bohemian lifestyle, but held back by her own straightjacketing respectability. Their quests of self-discovery lead them on separate flights across Italy and throughout Paris, negotiating on their way their understanding of love, sex, art and the precarious nature of civilization.

Szerb’s writing is preoccupied with an elusive sense of wonder – of what it means to really be alive and aware of it. His story unfurls in a haunting world of moonlit gardens over whose walls rise the voices of monks, in the back-alleys of Venice, in an attic of clockwork toys just dimly remembered from childhood. What all his images share is an ability to de-familiarize a world which the demands of civilized, adult life so often renders banal and bureaucratic. Journey by Moonlight reminds us what a strange and marvellous place that world can be.

This fascination with the world also comes across in Szerb’s connoisseur’s appreciation of the good life. The novel abounds in good wine, good sex and sumptuous settings. Lest this makes it sound dangerously like a forerunner of Eat, Pray, Love, however, Journey always retains too sharp an eye for reality to stray into the realms of guru-ish self-help. Szerb acknowledges the seedy side of bohemia as much as the allure; acknowledges too the futility and exhaustion of trying to feel alive all of the time. Most penetratingly, though, he sees that the converse of the desire for a meaningful life is the desire for a meaningful death – that moments of destruction can also be moments of ecstasy. This dark realization is one of the book’s central themes – and one that Julia Roberts might find harder to sell.

Journey by Moonlight invites us to remember life’s moments of rapture, while never letting us forget that they are only moments; temporary and fleeting. Affirmative but not sentimental, it treads the fine line of relishing in culture and material pleasures without becoming pretentious. When one considers the circumstances in which Szerb died this becomes a triumph – pleasure and an appreciation of the complex experience of being human is everything the Nazis tried to deny their victims. Hungarians aghast at the bold statement of the Horthy statue might take comfort in Journey’s subtler articulacy. 

Journey by Moonlight is published by Pushkin Press and is available to buy here

More Than Just Play?

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Is the long tradition of the pantomime dame under fire due to political correctness? The character’s disappearance from current shows is the latest uproar in panto-land, and it may have some eyes rolling. After all, whether Widow Twanky is offensive to cross-dressers, or a healthy way of exploring sexuality, might seem like the kind of bourgeois debate best left far ‘behind you’.

Trivial as it may appear, the debate raises an important question – that of censorship in theatre. The Widow Twanky case is a little obscure, but pantomime has been directly banned before – Snow White and the Seven Asylum Seekers was forbidden from performance in Devon in 2003. Last year, Exeter students were asked not to cross-dress in theatre because it was as offensive as blacking up. And a few years ago, a production satirizing the BNP, which toured the party’s main constituencies, was barred in Dudley two days before an EDL rally. So, is censorship in theatre ever a good thing?

In liberal England it is easy to forget the gravity of censorship abroad. The Syrian playwright Zaki Cordillo, whose work was seen to challenge Assad’s regime, was arrested in August 2012 and has not been heard of since. (PEN International is fighting his case.) A similar fate awaited the comic trio The Moustache Brothers, whose performance in 1996 which satirized the Burmese military government, staged outside the then politically imprisoned Aung Sun Suu Kyi’s house, landed them in jail for seven years.

Burma has since moved to a more civilian government, and the trio have been freed. They continue to perform in Mandalay. It is a traveller’s pilgrimage, and feeling a bit smug about my oblique political activism, I waited eagerly for the act to come on stage earlier this year. It was, sadly, cringingly bad. The show consisted of cheap jokes about not telling the main performer’s wife he fancied Jennifer Aniston, shameless merchandise plugging throughout, and a tiny granddaughter running on stage crying or wanting crisps (although that was easily the funniest bit). However the almost unbearable moment was when Par Par Lay made his one minute debut – he trudged on stage to have fake chains slapped on his wrists and kneeled with a sign saying ‘3 Time Arrested’ while we were forced to take photos.  

It seems cruel to criticize an act which once carried charged political satire, and paid the price for it. There is a possible vindication for what seems a depressing sell-out. The trio have obviously struggled to convert their act to English – so why bother? I found out that the show has not actually been totally authorized, but The Moustache Brothers are still kept under close watch, and only allowed to perform to travellers, not Burmese people themselves. This creates tourism and ironically puts money into the pockets of the government.

Parts of the US government think theatre might challenge their authority too. The Tempest was axed in Arizona as part of a list of books that might ‘promote the overthrow of the United States government’. And Shakespeare is often banned in America, for everything from being homophobic to racist, to ‘glorifying teen suicide, drugs, and disobedience of parental authority’.

My point is that maybe Snow White and the Seven Asylum Seekers was offensive. But for me, the cost of censorship almost always outweighs the positive effects of freedom of speech, and when something is damaging, we must hope for the discretion of the viewer to be enough to censor it for them self. Theatre creates a unique platform for experimentation, providing the opportunity to consider ideas which could not be so openly examined elsewhere – and so the show must go on.

£15m art collection bequeathed to Oxford University

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Over 400 works of modern Chinese art have been bequeathed to the Ashmolean museum by Michael Sullivan, a recently deceased Emeritus Fellow of St. Catz college. Professor Sullivan was an art historian and possibly the foremost counsel on Chinese art in the Western world. Upon his death, aged 96, in September, he bequeathed his extensive private collection to the Ashmolean museum.

The collection contains over 400 works and has been described by the museum as, “The greatest private collection of modern Chinese art in the West”. Conservative estimates of the combined works’ value come to around £15m. During his long and distinguished career he was one of the first academics to bring the achievements of modern Chinese artists to light, publishing his first work on 20th century Chinese art as early as 1959.

Professor Christopher Brown CBE, Director of the Ashmolean Museum, said:

“Michael Sullivan was a longstanding friend and supporter of the Ashmolean and it was through his forethought and generosity that we have received this outstanding collection.

“His paintings will be displayed, on rotation, in the Khoan and Michael Sullivan Gallery where they will be enjoyed by thousands of visitors; and scholars around the world will have the opportunity to use the works in their study, teaching, and research. We hope that it is a fitting testament to a great art historian and collector.”           

A small set of paintings from the collection has been exhibited for some time already at the museum, as the ‘Khoan and Michael Sullivan Collection of Modern Chinese Art’. Khoan Sullivan was Prof. Sullivan’s late wife and a Chinese national. The couple met on one of his first visits to the country; they were married in 1943 and remained so for sixty years, until her death in 2003.

Wenyi Wang, a student at Teddy Hall and President of the Oxford University Chinese Society, was effusive about the donation:

“I think this gorgeous gift from Prof. Michael Sullivan is very beneficial for our society and could give the public a brilliant chance to get in touch with Chinese culture and art. I believe Chinese art should be granted more attention and have the same status as its Western counterpart.”

Walter Arader, a dealer of Asian art and DPhil candidate in Tibetan art at St. Cross college, said:

“With the exuberant prices that similar works are fetching at auction these days, many selling for tens of millions USD, the gift [Professor Sullivan] has left to the Ashmolean is unprecedented for a university museum.  

“The collection will surely draw visitors from around the world and in particular in November during Asian Art Week in London.  This gift will also hopefully spur the University to further the study of contemporary and classical Chinese art history.  

“The collection is unique in that it was assembled at a time before the rampant forgeries that now plague the field were being produced. Professor Sullivan’s collection is a rare gem of the contemporary art market in that it was lovingly and carefully selected by a world authority in the field before the present time in which virtually every work’s authenticity must be called into question.”

Oxford students rally against Indian anti-gay ruling

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Members of the Oxford India Society and LGBTQ Society attended a rally in Soho Square last Sunday protesting the recent ruling by the Indian Supreme Court that effectively re-criminalizes homosexual sex. The protest, which organizers say drew around 200 people, was part of a “Global Day of Rage.”

“Because we can’t all be in India at this crucial time, we’ve got to lend our voices from everywhere we are in the world, as Indians and as supporters of LGBT rights,” said Shreya Atrey, a DPhil student in Law who attended the event. “We were together in London for support. But also perhaps to get support. The Koushal ruling and reasoning are both devastating,” she added.

The action in London was one of many events that took place in over 35 cities in India and around the world on Sunday. Protesters held signs with slogans that read “no going back” and “make love legal.” International Development student Sneha Krishnan, also at the event, said, “it was important to go to London to show collective dissent and anger at what is a deeply violative act on the part of the Supreme Court of India.”

A 2009 ruling from the Delhi High Court had previously read down parts of Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, the colonial-era law that made “unnatural sex” or “carnal intercourse against the order of nature” punishable offences. But the Indian Supreme Court upheld the constitutional validity of Section 377 last week, claiming that it was wrong for the judiciary to have previously weighed into the matter. Instead, they argued that this was an issue for Parliament to decide.

Atrey, who described the ruling as “a major setback for the world’s largest democracy,” says she wasn’t expecting the decision. She sees a bright side to last week’s outcome though: “now that it has happened, the widespread condemnation of the Koushal ruling has created a robust movement for challenging our social, cultural and moral values, outside the legal realm.” Nikita Kaushal, Oxford India Society member and Earth Sciences student, concurred, “the liberal backlash that resulted from the ruling has perhaps strengthened the LGBT movement in India in a way that a positive ruling might not have.”

There are still some very real concerns, however. With the reinstatement of Section 377 those who have anal intercourse could face imprisonment for up to 10 years or for life and a fine. Kaushal worries that “some Indians will choose or be forced to stay abroad just because the society back home will not understand the choices they make.”

There are not currently more protests planned in Oxford or London but the organizers are keen to keep the momentum going. And, as Kaushal points out, “having a natural relationship in the bedroom is now an act of protest, a civil disobedience.”

Oxbridge jointly acquire manuscript collection

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Oxford and Cambridge have raised £1.2 million in an unprecedented joint fundraising appeal to acquire the Lewis-Gibson Genizah Collection from the United Reform Church’s Westminster College.

The collection is comprised of 1760 Hebrew and Arabic manuscript fragments that date between the 9th and 19th centuries. The Bodleian Library press release states, “[the fragments] represent an invaluable record of a thousand years of the religious, social, economic and cultural life of the Mediterranean world.”

Oxford and Cambridge’s individual collections already hold the majority of the Genizah fragments. Accordingly, Cesar Merchan-Hamann, Bodleian Library’s Hebraica and Judaica Curator, notes, “any collections that can be added will complement what is already there, sometimes quite literally, i.e. fragments can be joined together that used to be together.”

Moreover, Westminster College’s Lewis-Gibson Genizah Collection contained the largest group of Genizah fragments that has come up on the open market for decades. Merchan-Hamann stated, “it is quite unlikely another collection of the same size will be offered again in the near future.”

The joint fundraiser between Oxford and Cambridge arose from the contacts between their two libraries, both of which were offered the Collection when it was put on sale. Merchan-Hamann observed, “[Westminster College] was aware of the collection’s importance and was determined that if at all possible it should stay in the UK and not be dispersed.”

The Polonksy Foundation also donated £500,000 towards Oxford and Cambridge’s acquisition of the Genizah fragments, on the condition that the collection must be digitized and made freely available to the general public. This ran in tandem with Oxford and Cambridge’s policies towards their acquisitions

Merchan-Hamann explained how the present co-ownership ensures that “researchers at either institution are able to physically examine any fragments held by the other”.

A graduate student from St Cross College reported, “I am pleased to see the two traditional rivals join sides to preserve the collection within the UK.”

Another St Cross graduate similarly stated, “the Lewis-Gibson Genizah Collection seems to be a unique historical artefact and it would have been a real shame to split it up. It is great to see that Oxford and Cambridge have worked together to co-administer the collection and, in essence, keep it in one piece.”

Interview: Peter Tomka

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For a man with a remarkable level of expertise in his field, holding a senior position in a prestigious international institution, Peter Tomka is softly-spoken and approachable in discussion. Through these traits, the Slovakian President of the International Court of Justice, having studied international law in 5 countries, reveals a reverence for and understanding of the function and ideals of his organisation.

The Court, established in 1945 as one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, “is the only court with universal jurisdiction”, Tomka explains. “That means it can adjudicate cases relating to a variety of legal issues, and of course, jurisdiction covers the states.”

Bringing judicial authority to the global stage does not come easily, however. First of all, determining the Court’s jurisdiction proves problematic. Noting that “a case comes under the jurisdiction only if the two states involved accept it”, Tomka comments that the system is a compromise from when proposals for compulsory jurisdiction were not adopted in 1921, from the founding of the original Permanent Court of International Justice.

In a strangely constrained role then, judges like Tomka can only bring states to justice when they are asked to do so. Clearly these limitations can cause frustration to a man devoted to his work. “In my view the world has moved in more than 90 years, so there is a need to further strengthen the jurisdiction of the Court.” Nevertheless, these issues do not wound the President’s optimism for the future. “A promising route is to encourage states which have not yet made declarations recognising Court jurisdiction to do so.” Moreover, he explains that “the majority of disputes in today’s world are resolved, and also in the future will be resolved, through settlement by the parties.”

“I would say that this is always a preferable way of resolving disputes and reaching agreement,” he adds. Importantly, international law’s purpose is to maintain peace and security among nations, rather than simply labelling one state or the other as ‘guilty’. Tomka’s recognition of this fact provides a refined perspective on the Court’s role. “The existence of the Court and the possibility of bringing a case before it may sometimes have a positive impact – be conducive to reaching the settlement – because then parties, or at least one of them, may be a little bit more flexible.”

Tomka points to a case concerning aerial herbicide spraying by Columbia over land Ecuador considered as its own. The spraying took place to destroy plantations of coca used by rebels to finance activities against the Columbian government. “Shortly before opening our hearings, which were scheduled for the last day of December this year, the parties informed the Court that they had reached an agreement”, he says. “They appreciated the Court’s involvement and said that without such involvement, it would be much more difficult, if not impossible, to reach such a settlement out of Court.”

The Court has passed judgement on 154 cases, although this does include advisory opinions deliberated on at the request of other international organisations. I ask Tomka if settlement outside of court is always possible, given the large variety of cases this figure surely comprises. Of course, there are more troublesome examples: “If there is a region which is still a little bit more reluctant on the judicial settlement of disputes, it’s Asia,” he notes.

Here the issue of countries’ consent to the Court’s adjudication returns; “perhaps it’s due to some historical and cultural conditions in that part of the world, and that they are not so used to having affirmed rights in the Courts, or to resolving disputes in judicial bodies. Just to illustrate that, this is the region where there is no regional convention of human rights.”

Such differences in tradition and the conventions of law between nations prove to be one of the major obstacles between the Court’s practical reality and the consistent application of international justice. The judges themselves are, sometimes, even drawn from nations often involved in cases.

Academic work in the area has questioned if the Court is biased for this reason. In fact, the Court’s structure creates a deliberative, fair body: Tomka points out that “The Court consists of 15 judges, coming from different corners of the world, and it’s important that we have different backgrounds.”

I challenge him over whether his national identity, and time spent as a legal advisor to the Slovakian Foreign Ministry, influences his legal opinion. Tomka dispels the idea, saying, “I would not say there are national inclinations. Well, certainly one has a legal background, and I come from a country which has continental European traditions in written law, i.e. the role of the courts is to interpret statutes, not to create law.” This is exactly what the ICJ does. Furthermore, he concludes that the Court has a broader function – its decisions clarify international law through precedent, and “strengthen international order in this way.”

With these remarks it is clear that Tomka is a judge committed to the promotion of international justice rather than a specific nation’s interests. His international experience serves as an ideal tool to this end. I simply hope that the institution he leads can obtain enough international influence for his intentions to be made manifest.