Monday, May 5, 2025
Blog Page 177

Crossing the Pond: Thoughts of a Prospective Transgender Studies PhD Student

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After finishing my undergraduate degree last summer, I crossed the pond and went absolutely nowhere, from Cambridge to Oxford. I’m clearly a fan of jaw-breaker degree titles: Human, Social and Political Sciences (pretentious, low word-to-substance ratio) and Women’s, Gender and Sexuality Studies (ostensibly much more intelligible, though ask me to define any of those constituent terms conclusively and I’ll be obliged to give you the poststructuralist spiel about the dangers of definitional certitude – the first article on our reading list was Wendy Brown’s “The Impossibility of Women’s Studies”).

I’m hoping to pursue a career in academia, but I forgoed applying during this year’s admissions cycle. I did this for self-preservation purposes, mostly. If the pressures of Oxford are bad enough, try waiting on what will inevitably feel like yet more judgement about your academic worth or indeed, even being in close proximity to those who did decide to take the plunge and apply.

I also did this (or rather, didn’t do anything) because the state of my field, trans studies, is pretty dire in the UK, to say the least – aside from ruining the Harry Potter series, the hostile climate of trans-antagonistic rhetoric and government policy makes it difficult to research anything more interesting than that pertaining to the defence of my existence, let alone receive funding for it. A provisional dissertation thesis carrying the title “Genital Imperatives, Sticky Penises, and the Trans [Un]remarkable: Toward a Trans-Inclusive Sexual Ethics” doesn’t stand much of a chance. Every academic that I’ve spoken to here has advised me to cross another pond, the Atlantic Ocean, where apparently the grass is comparatively greener and the money somewhat more available. One gave me a rather ambivalent motivational speech suffused with existential warning: if I lived and breathed learning and couldn’t see myself doing anything else, then by all means go ahead, but be prepared to frequent food banks for at least a few years.

The politics of PhD departments and funding opportunities are bewildering, especially for a still somewhat doe-eyed Master’s student. It is undoubtedly a privilege to be able to consult a whole network of eminent Oxbridge professors with insider knowledge of the process, but I’ve somehow found myself caught up in precisely the frame of mind that I was once trying, I think judiciously, to avoid: that of obsessively poring over Sociology department websites and emailing potential supervisors about whether they’re open to expressions of interest from prospective PhD applicants.

On that note, there’s something simultaneously self-flagellating and self-aggrandising about having to write those emails – “please consider me”. I’m trying to calm down; to breathe, and know that I’ve done what I can so far. The ever-churning – and spitting – wheel of Oxbridge makes it difficult to do so, with much of the emphasis at postgraduate level being on career progression and “next steps”. This is necessary but still utterly terrifying: academia is, of course, far from meritocratic, but there is still some sense in which you are relying on the power of your own brain to continuously devise something promising to say – and for a funding body to believe in you, whatever the criteria for that belief actually entails. But for now, I’ll focus on my Master’s dissertation, and try to cut down on that emailing.

Image Credit: Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office/ CC BY 2.0 via Flickr.

Sex and The Spires

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Roses are red, violets are blue … Valentine’s is dead and romance is too…

I like to consider myself an activist and so I’ve joined a very worthwhile campaign: banning Valentine’s Day. The chocolates, the flowers, the kisses, the sex – the goal is to ban all forms of love on February fourteenth each year. I’ll continue to work on this valuable mission for as long as I’m single. 

It’s come and gone, the annual anti-single day is behind us for another year. And what a shame! What’s not to love about a day devoted to making those who aren’t in a relationship feel as if they are the world’s biggest loner, and the bank accounts of those who are romantically involved, suffer unnecessarily? It’s a day which fuels capitalism, keeping Cadbury’s in business and providing every florist’s biggest pay-day. 

If you did have a romance filled, lovey, dovey Valentine’s, then good for you. If you’re delusional enough to actually look forward to the made-up holiday every year, then I hope you enjoyed your 24 hours in fairyland. I’m not a cynic, but I’m sure those romantic illusions are wilting by now, at just about the same pace as those flowers you were gifted. The day itself is like the Olympics of Love – the race to get the reddest roses, dipping strawberries in chocolate in record time and managing to secure your personal best in public displays of affection per minute. 

Maybe you are part of an even more infuriating group of Valentine’s celebrators – the ‘Galentiners’. Quit pretending that all you need is your friends, you’re kidding yourself if you think they’ll give you the validation you crave. And talk about being exclusive, what kind of a friend are you to leave your girl out of the Galentine’s celebration just because she has a boyfriend. You know who you are and you should be ashamed. 

Congratulations if you made it through the day as a singleton while faced with the injustice of being bombarded with obnoxious, over-affectionate couples taking hold of every restaurant – as well as your entire Instagram feed. This year, we were really f**ked. The fact that Valentine’s Day fell in 5th week seems like a cruel joke from the Universe. Forget reds and pinks, this week has been Blues all round. 

If you’re still reeling from feelings of loneliness and the fear of being forever single, then why not give yourself some love? For those who have decided to give themselves over to the darkness (also known as being in a relationship) then isn’t everyday Valentine’s when love is in the air? If you’re a devoted narcissist like me then love is always in the air… because I love myself more than anyone else. 

So why not treat yourself to some ‘you’ time and experience some relief from the dullness of existing. No awkward chit-chat before, no finger numbness from swiping right on Tinder and no walk of shame home because you can do it from home. In fact, contrary to some beliefs, there’s no shame at all in having a good time in your own company. 

Anne Summers is doing a clearance sale for what I presume is all the returned items after the love spell broke for many this week and the ‘Private Shop’ on Cowley Road has just had a much needed ‘makeover’. Take the plunge and invest in something saucy for yourself. You obviously can’t be happy if you’re single, but you can be slightly less sad  while the pain of Valentine’s and 5th week begins to subside. 

But who am I to be talking about embracing your singlehood? I wasn’t going to sit at home sipping vino with my gal pals, kidding myself into thinking that Anne Summers is a replacement for romance, or sobbing over The Notebook. That’s how I spend the other 364 days of the year. 

I had three options to choose from on Tuesday night. You see, writing a sex column really does pay off. But I never kiss and tell … well I do, but I’ll leave you wanting more. 

Valentine’s Day in Oxford: $$$ Edition

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Valentine’s Day is just around the corner, and whether this is your first Valentine’s with that special someone, or you’re celebrating your single, thriving status, be prepared for some of the best food Oxford has to offer. On top of the date night restaurants introduced in my previous column, here are some other fancy restaurants that will almost certainly break the bank, hence why they have been sadly relegated to the once-a-year, only-on-Valentine’s list. 

Parsonage Grill, Oxford

Location: Old Parsonage Hotel, St Giles

Offering ‘modern British dishes with a light touch’ with locally sourced ingredients whenever possible, Parsonage Grill serves some of the most delectable (and expensive) food in Oxford, ranging from ‘twice-baked goat’s cheese & thyme soufflé’ to ‘confit duck leg, roasted celeriac & juniper berry sauce’. The restaurant is lavishly decorated with plush velvet chairs and sleek navy walls, and its gorgeous terrace is simply delightful in the daytime, though chattering in the freezing cold at night is probably less romantic.

The Alice

Location: The Randolph Hotel

A British brasserie at the ‘heart of historic Oxford’, The Alice is a jaw-droppingly stunning restaurant – pink sofas, velvet cushions, crystal chandeliers, patterned wallpaper and high ceilings make this restaurant a feast for the eyes. Its wide-ranging a la carte selection includes warm smoked eel with pork crackling, citrus cured salmon, 35-day dry aged flat iron steak, and duck with grilled clementine and onion pommes anna, with its dessert menu similarly creative and succulent. Come for an exquisite meal, then grab an Alice in Wonderland-themed cocktail in their gorgeously-decorated bar.

No. 1 Ship Street

Location: Ship Street

Located in central Oxford and boasting a ‘sophisticated ambiance’, No. 1 Ship Street was voted as Oxfordshire’s Best Restaurant in 2022 and 2020 for good reason. Serving rock oysters, devilled lambs kidneys and a surf & turf for two with whole lobsters, the food is eye-wateringly expensive, but mouth-wateringly good. The decor is cosy and perhaps less extravagant than you would expect, but its incredibly central location puts it above many others on this list, especially if you have other Valentine’s Day plans at the movies, the rink or a cheeky Blackwell’s trip.

Cherwell Boathouse

Location: North Oxford (past Hugh’s and LMH, unfortunately)

Following the previous theme of dining on the river, Cherwell Boathouse provides an ‘understated but upscale’ European feasting experience with an innovative menu including pressed wild mushroom lasagna with walnut purée, truffle and dashi, caramelised plaice with celeriac and capers, and smoked duck toastie with confit egg yolk, onion relish and mushroom ketchup. Despite its dreaded OX2 postcode, the food is slightly less expensive than the others on this list, and its relatively remote location is perfect if you’re worried about an unwelcome, awkward encounter with your ex.

RUSH! Hour: Måneskin In Review 

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“They ask me why so hot/Cause I’m Italiano.” So go the words of Damiano David, lead singer of Italian four-piece rock band Måneskin. Bursting onto the Italian music scene like a bat out of hell in 2017 after placing second on X-Factor: Italy, Måneskin have gone on to win Eurovision in 2021, Best New Artist at the VMAs (after snubbing a headlining slot at Reading Festival), and now, with the release of RUSH!, score their first Top 20 album in the US Billboard 200. Not bad for a bunch of pretty faces.  

Comprised of vocalist Damiano David, guitarist Thomas Raggi, bassist Victoria di Angelis and drummer Ethan Torchio, Måneskin are best known for their electric cover of the Four Seasons classic “Beggin” and the hard-rocking “Zitti E Buoni”. In an era dominated by everything but rock, their unapologetic, flamboyant, and most importantly, marketable brand of glam rock is a welcome refresher. Remember when rock stars were sleazy, untouchable, larger-than-life libertines? Neither do I, but Måneskin is the closest – and highest-profile – act we’ve got.  

RUSH! is proof that Måneskin’s stratospheric rise to prominence is backed up by more than just sex appeal (although, I concede, that is certainly part of the charm) and the glitzy glamour of Eurovision. With many bands laying down their grunge-rock, riff-laden credentials (the Arctic Monkeys’ The Car and The Vaccines’ Back in Love City particularly unfortunate examples), Måneskin is living proof that a simple riff goes a long way. Collaborating with funk-metal giant Tom Morello of Rage Against the Machine, “GOSSIP” stomps along to a driving, made-for-the-stadium guitar riff, punctuated by Morello’s signature whammy-heavy solos. “GOSSIP” bites back.  

Amp up the volume – RUSH! is jam-packed with arena-ready singalongs. “GASOLINE” is a bass-heavy, power-metal anthem, driven by the wind-tunnel roar of guitars. “DON’T WANNA SLEEP”—one of the standouts—is a rip-roaring track that takes advantage of Raggi’s penchant for funk-laden rhythm and a punchy riff. Måneskin’s songs are as catchy as they are formulaic, relying on wickedly minimalistic, stomping grooves for a four-chord earworm.  

One minute David is “a lion tamer/ of indecent behavior/ making love with danger”, the next he’s singing his heart out on the magnificent “IF NOT FOR YOU”. For a band characterised by their riotously provocative performances—replete with assless chaps, nipple pasties and latex—”IF NOT FOR YOU” is one of the few contemplative moments of the album. Recorded in one take, David’s vocals are front-and-centre, drenched in reverb and accompanied with lush strings. They may not be Meatloaf, but they sure can write a power ballad.  

They say imitation is the sincerest form of flattery. Di Angelis takes a page out of Jack White’s book and revives the art of the bassline in the bombastic “MAMMAMIA”, whereas Raggi recalls Frusciante in the Chilli Peppers-reminiscent ‘SUPERMODEL’. A coked-up Nineties supermodel steals a Basquiat off the wall – it may sound like the beginning of a bad joke, but Måneskin have certainly earned the right to party. 

However, RUSH! is self-satirical to the point of ridiculousness—the rockstar shtick only works so many times. The sneering “BLA BLA BLA” and “KOOL KIDS” feature bathroom-wall lyrics like “I hate your face, but I like your mum”. The stratospheric jump between “MARK CHAPMAN”—a song sung in their native Italian about Lennon’s obsessive, fame-craving murderer—and the new-wave spoken delivery of “ha ha ha ha-ha-ha-ha/I wanna fuck, let’s go to my spa” is never more evident.  

While turning their nose up at critical snobbery and embracing the whirlwind of newfound fame, Måneskin also fall prey to a cardinal album sin, namely, ‘bad decisions in track listings’. Much like actual rush hour, the album feels congested with repetitive rock-star epithets. Singles “MAMMAMIA”, “SUPERMODEL” and “THE LONELIEST” are tacked onto the end of the album, with the front half saturated with lurid pop-punk. Much like actual rush hour, the album feels congested with repetitive rock-star epithets. Cocaine was cool the first time you did it, but by the fifth track, the album needs some rehab. 

I’ll be the first to point out that snobbish rock n’ roll purist nonsense is losing sight of the spirit of the genre—neither Deep Purple nor Van Halen were formed with the goal of fawning Rolling Stone sycophantism in mind—yet Måneskin seem to have remained firmly within arena-friendly turf. From the carefully crafted pop hooks to the processed drumbeats, pop giant Max Martin’s fingerprints are all over the seventeen-track album, turning the subversive four-piece (Måneskin’s live acts are always one to watch, when they haven’t cancelled their shows in favour of the VMAs) into a prepackaged, palatable, straight-to-arena rock band. There’s a reason the most popular X-Factor acts are the likes of One Direction and Little Mix, and we regard rock n’ roll reunion acts like the upcoming Def Leppard/Mötley Crüe reunion tour with a degree of pity – once the giants of the eighties, these fading, has-been, hard-rocking dinosaurs are slowly going extinct in the streaming age. Rock stars have become a curiosity, fodder for the recent appetite for biopics. Acts like Måneskin and Greta van Fleet step in and yet can’t help but be compared with those that came before them. Without falling into clichés of ‘music was better in the good old days’ (that I most certainly wasn’t alive for), as an ardent rock fan I certainly hope the rock scene will continue to have more to offer.  

With that being said, Måneskin clearly still has a lot to offer. Raggi is a genuinely talented guitarist, drawing from Frusciante’s funk to Page’s blues-inspired playing. Di Angelis’ cocksure strut, supreme ease while playing the bass and unapologetic bisexuality places her firmly alongside the likes of Joan Jett and Suzie Quatro. Torchio’s is as frenetic as he is magnetic, and David joins Greta van Fleet’s Josh Kiszka and The Black Keys’ Daniel Auerbach as some of the best rock vocalists today. To cry about the sad state of the music industry is to ignore the evolution of rock—far from fizzling out into obscurity, it has found a home in genres as diverse as Michael Kiwanuka’s indie-soul to Foals’ psychedelia (not to mention rollicking rock acts like The Reytons, Larkin Poe and Christone ‘Kingfish’ Ingram). Too often people equate subversiveness with having ‘real’ rock n’ roll credentials (remember The Monkees?)—while Måneskin may not (yet) be revolutionary, they certainly aren’t—the dreaded word—sellouts, convincingly carrying the torch from glam rockers like KISS, Aerosmith, Whitesnake and Bon Jovi.  

Punchy, slick, and infinitely danceable, RUSH! is an album with teeth. In the words of Ronnie James Dio: Long Live Rock n’ Roll. Alex Turner, eat your heart out.  

Netflix’s Disappointing Monsters

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Sometimes it is easier to confront the monsters that pop up on our screens rather than dealing with the ones in real life. 2022 was certainly a year of real life terrors and, perhaps not coincidentally, it was also one of the most successful years for Netflix in terms of fantasy horror shows. The highly-anticipated fourth season of Stranger Things was released in May, and in early June it set the record for the most hours watched in a single week on the platform (over 335 million, to be precise). This feat has now been surpassed by a newcomer to the streaming service, Tim Burton’s Wednesday, which offers viewers the latest reimagining of the Addams family franchise, and has now been renewed for a second season.

In Wednesday’s first season, we follow the titular character on her hunt to get to the bottom of a mysterious murder spree in the area; the monster responsible for these killings is first shown towards the end of episode one. According to Alfred Gough, the co-director of the show, the team working on the monster sketched out fifty to sixty different possible versions of its physical form, at which point Burton himself created a watercolour painting of a big-eyed, grey hued creature: this is what we ultimately see in the series. Despite its originality and Burton’s eminence, the monster falls flat. It is sadly let down by a reliance on shoddy CGI which makes its appearance almost comic.

In episode seven, Wednesday, with the help of Uncle Fester, discovers that the monster is known as a ‘Hyde’ – a not-so-subtle reference to Robert Louis Stevenson’s 1886 Gothic novella, The Strange Case of Doctor Jekyll and Mr Hyde. However, the series’ creators seem to have missed a key aspect from their source material: the potency of Stevenson’s idea derives from Mr Hyde never being fully described. As such, the monster doesn’t survive the shift in medium from text to screen: the mysterious alter ego that should have remained in the shadows becomes a garish nine-foot-tall CGI creation. 

It is tempting to argue that had the creators of Wednesday opted for practical effects – prosthetics, makeup, stilts – to create the Hyde, they would have succeeded in constructing a monster that was truly terrifying, or perhaps more importantly, disturbing. After all, this is the secret to the genius of the monsters in Guillermo del Toro’s films. Just think of the ‘Pale Man’ from Pan’s Labyrinth (2006), or the unsettling amphibious creature from the more recent The Shape of Water (2017), both of whom were played by Doug Jones, a contortionist-turned-actor known specifically for his portrayal of Hollywood’s most famous practical effect monsters. 

As the latest season of Stranger Things demonstrates, however, not all practical effects are made equal. The series has had an impressive run of monsters in its four seasons, scaring viewers with ‘demogorgons’, ‘demodogs’ (which, despite what their ridiculous name may suggest, are just as scary), and the ‘Mindflayer’, but it has faltered somewhat in the visual design of Vecna, introduced in the fourth season as the villain behind the ‘Upside Down.’ The practical effects used to transform the actor Jamie Campbell Bower into Vecna took eight hours to apply, and another two to remove. Vecna’s origin story requires the monster to have a humanoid shape, presenting an issue which the season’s creators seem to have ignored: as opposed to the demogorgons’ classic long predator legs, enabled with stilts and CGI, he has human legs which end in stocky ankles. There are several sequences in the season which show Vecna hunting down his victims, but what could be unbearably tense (and indeed is, but only once the camera pans in) becomes slightly too comic when we see him stomping around. In comparison to the other creatures in the Stranger Things universe, Vecna is too human to pose a constant threat. He must be shoved in our faces or banished off-screen to truly scare us.

Both Vecna and the Hyde are illustrative of the same problem: there is a very fine line that television and filmmakers must tread to ensure that their monsters are neither too human nor too inhuman. Monsters of all shapes and sizes have now graced our screens for over a hundred years. The earliest examples were in silent films, The Golem (1915) and Nosferatu (1922), both products of a Germany embroiled in war and its aftermath. This long tradition has trained audiences and, as such, the expectations of Netflix’s viewers are finely tuned. While visual design is not the only aspect of on-screen monsters that contributes to their ‘scare factor’, ignoring this balance – unique in each instance – results in disappointing monsters who fail to fully terrify. In the midst of inevitably ongoing global turmoil, let’s hope Netflix will provide viewers with monsters scarier than headlines.

Oxford issues warnings over gonorrhoea outbreak

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Several colleges have issued warnings that gonorrhoea cases are increasing amongst 18-25 year-olds in Oxford, and are urging students to carry condoms if meeting for sex.

The news comes after the UK Health Security Agency reported that the sexually transmitted infection is being seen amongst the student population in Oxford. People of all genders and sexualities are affected.

Numerous colleges have circulated advisory emails concerning the disease, its symptoms and actions students can take to protect themselves and get tested. The University’s Welfare Forum urges the use of protective measures like condoms with all new and casual sexual partners. They also stress that anyone who suspects they may have an STI or is seeing a new sexual partner have a sexually transmitted infection (STI) check-up.

The warnings noted that gonorrhoea may be asymptomatic, and that those who experience symptoms complain of unusual discharge, pain when urinating or abdominal pain. The UKHSA notes that “if treated early, gonorrhoea is unlikely to lead to any long-term complications, but without treatment it can spread to other parts of the body and cause serious problems – including severe pain in the reproductive organs and infertility.”

Free at-home STI test kits are available through the NHS. Visits to a physical clinic, which can be found through an online locator tool, or calls to the national sexual help hotline are also free of charge.

European research funding for Oxbridge plummets due to Brexit

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Oxford and Cambridge now receive only £1m from European research programmes between them. Previously, the top UK universities received over £130m a year from European research programmes. Oxford had previously won €523m combined from 2014-2020 of the Horizon 2020 programme but has only been awarded €2m in the new Horizon Europe 2021-2027 programme. 

According to the negotiated Brexit deal, the UK should still be part of the €95.5bn Horizon Europe university funding programme. However, the approval of this aspect of the deal was disrupted after the UK failed to implement the Northern Ireland Protocol. The programme is crucial for implementing partnerships between UK and European universities and carries considerable international prestige.

Professor of higher education at Oxford, Simon Marginson, told The Guardian that “For higher education and research, there are no new opportunities and no actual possible upsides from Brexit.” He said Brexit was a “historic error of monumental proportions”, describing the new data on Oxford and Cambridge as “very worrying”.

Despite the government’s assurances that it will cover the lost Horizon Europe funding, many academics are leaving the UK for European and American universities.

Paul Pharoah, a researcher into the genetic epidemiology of ovarian cancer, is an example of such an academic. He worked at Cambridge University for 26 years and was involved in EU-funded projects for the last 15 years but has now taken up a post at Cedar Sinai hospital in Los Angeles.

In making his decision to move, he said it was much harder to come by funding in his field in the UK since Brexit. “The lack of opportunity to apply for EU funding made the outlook even more bleak.”

In April, 150 UK academics who won funding from the European Research Council were given two months to choose whether to take up posts at EU institutions or sacrifice their funding. Whilst the UK government matched the threatened ERC funding, 1 in 8 ERC funded academics still left the UK.

Professor Augusta McMahon, an archaeologist who had also worked at Cambridge for 26 years left for Chicago University. She said that fewer European lecturers were applying for UK jobs.

Since Brexit UK universities have witnessed a large decline in the number of enrolled European students. This decline has been felt most severely at undergraduate level. Whilst 37,530 EU students enrolled for the first year of a primary degree at a UK university in 2020, the figure was just 13,155 in 2021.

Since Brexit, EU students have no longer had access to domestic fees and UK student loans. Fewer EU students on UK university campuses has consequences for the diversity of the student population. The finances of UK universities have also taken a hit, particularly as EU students were previously more likely to pay for a full 3- or 4-year undergraduate degree than other international students.

Oxford study shows one third of learning was lost during the pandemic

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According to a study published in Human Nature Behaviour on the 30th of January, school children have lost one third of what they would have learned in a normal school year due to the pandemic and lockdown.

 The paper on learning during the COVID-19 pandemic, written by Dr Betthäuser, Dr Bach-Mortenson and Dr Engzell, suggests that students lost out on ‘about 35% of a school year’s worth of learning’. Through a systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence, the paper concluded that on average, the learning progress of school-aged children ‘slowed substantially’ during the pandemic.

The paper reports that long-term impacts from the pandemic on school education is inevitable and uses historical precedents to justify its conclusions. The study illustrates that though some may have expected children to recover learning after adjustments to new learning conditions were made: “existing research on teacher strikes in Belgium and Argentina, shortened school years in Germany and disruptions to education during World War II suggests that learning deficits are difficult to compensate and tend to persist in the long run”.

 The study suggests that any fears of an “accumulation of learning deficits” have not materialised and Dr Betthäuser told the university that on a positive side, as the pandemic continued, parents, teachers and children were ‘successful in preventing early learning deficits from growing even larger’ than they already were.

 It shows that progress in Maths learning has been heavily affected. Moreover, it depicts how the pandemic intensified the educational inequalities between children from different socio-economic backgrounds. This gap was already large before the pandemic hit and is only worsening.

 There were heightened disparities between countries with higher-income and lower-income countries, many of which were already struggling from education crises before 2020. Indeed, from undertaking the meta-analysis, Dr Bach-Mortensen notes that ‘children in poorer countries lost out on more learning than their peers in richer countries’.

The study proposes that policy initiatives to counteract learning deficits and discrepancies need to prioritise supporting children from lower socio-economic backgrounds in order to aid recovery of the critical learning they lost during the COVID-19 outbreak and spread.

Students review ChatGPT as Oxford cautions against its use

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“With the advent of cutting-edge AI technology, students now have access to a highly advanced language model in the form of ChatGPT, revolutionizing the way they access information and complete their assignments.”

When prompted to “write the first sentence of an article about students using ChatGPT,” this is what ChatGPT came up with. ChatGPT is a chatbot developed with artificial intelligence techniques that has risen to fame for its ability to give fascinatingly intelligible responses across a wide range of prompts. Now, the new AI tool’s ability to simulate human writing has Oxford University administration on the alert. 

In this week’s edition of its Student News newsletter, the University warned students against engaging in the “unauthorised use of AI in exams and assessment,” singling out ChatGPT by name. The University notes that the use of AI tools is a “serious disciplinary offence” which “constitutes cheating and is covered under existing regulations”, adding that “further guidance to students will be issued soon.”

So far, Oxford students have had mixed responses to ChatGPT. Law is one of several subjects where students sit computer-based exams, but one student who tried the AI told Cherwell, “I think for law it isn’t that good yet.” Even with increasingly specific prompts, such as instructing ChatGPT to “write at an Oxford undergraduate first class level” with “exam style referencing,” the results were “okay but definitely not first class.” The student added, “It probably would only work if you really did no reading and have no idea what to write like 30 minutes before the deadline.”

However, other students have found ChatGPT immensely useful for certain tasks. A biology student told Cherwell, “I feel like ChatGPT has been quite a useful tool for wanting to get a basic and genrealised idea about a topic.” Rather than using the tool to write essays, they have used ChatGPT to help them study better. ChatGPT can summarise a topic they intend to do further research into, or help them revise by condensing entire textbook pages into key bullet points.

Other students agree that some of ChatGPT’s helpful abilities are unmatched. A PPE student told Cherwell that he has been using ChatGPT to complete coding homework problems, saying, “I have to say … I think it’s so good … It’s so good for code.” According to a modern languages student, “ChatGPT is surprisingly useful for languages – it arguably produces better translations than websites like DeepL and is pretty good for short-cutting linguistics questions too.” However, they added that “its essay writing is certainly not up to scratch and … would need significant editing to be passable.”

So while ChatGPT seems unable to produce an entire first-class Oxford essay, it can make writing essays or solving problem sheets significantly easier. Some have compared ChatGPT to calculators, arguing that students should be allowed to take advantage of available tools to produce work more quickly and efficiently. However, another student said that “it makes you think less on your own, as it’s quite easy to rely on.”

When reached for comment, the University reiterated to Cherwell that the governing body is taking a hard-line stance on ChatGPT: “In relation to student assessment, until further notice we will not permit students to use AI tools such as ChatGPT in their assessed work.” 

However, it is unclear how the university will identify indirect ChatGPT usage, such as assistance with drafting an essay outline or summarising a journal article. It also leaves us wondering to what extent ChatGPT is allowed, or recommended, for the vast amount of non-assessed work that students complete.

To all of these grey areas, the University told Cherwell, “We will be providing guidance to students, and support and advice to exam boards in the near future, to minimise problems and concerns in the current assessment cycle.”

At least 90% of the world population to face the combined consequences of extreme heat and drought, Oxford study says

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On July 19, 2022, a temperature of 40.2 degrees Celsius was measured in the UK village Coningsby, which turned out to be the highest temperature ever recorded in the country. According to the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, the frequency of extreme heat events across California have increased by more than 1.76 degrees Fahrenheit since 1950, leading to multiple wildfires in recent years. In 2022, Hungary experienced the driest seven months since 1901, causing ten of Hungary’s 12 water management directorates to be on water shortage alert.

Extreme heat and drought events are all extreme weather events. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, past studies have indicated that extreme weather events are likely to increase both in their frequency and intensity as a result of human-induced climate change. Learning about the statistics, we might ask, “How bad could these extreme high temperatures and droughts become in the future?”

According to an Oxford study published in Nature Sustainability in January 2023, the compound consequences of extreme heat and drought events is predicted to affect more than 90% of the world’s population. Using simulations from a large-scale climate-hydrology model, the study projected the frequency of combined droughts with extreme heat waves to experience a tenfold increase globally under the highest emissions scenario. Moreover, through a combination of satellite observations and field measurements and analyses, a negative relationship between temperature and terrestrial water storage was found that was potentially a consequence of their common underlying atmospheric conditions such as energy demand or water vapour deficits. This negative correlation further supports the idea that extreme heat events are likely to occur with droughts.

The study also predicted how individuals might be impacted by combined drought-heatwave events. Ecologically, these combined extreme weather events are projected to considerably affect the productivity of the terrestrial biosphere acting as a means to capture carbon dioxide. After severe droughts and heatwaves, there is usually a decrease in plant growth and recovery, reducing plants’ carbon sequestration capacity.

Combined drought-heatwave events are also predicted to have profound effects on society and people’s well-being. A projected increase in plant mortality and decrease in crop yield will pose challenges to the agricultural industry. Extreme weather might decrease electric grid reliability, negatively affecting many natural and manmade systems and infrastructures. The reduced availability of terrestrial water storage may also lead to changes in global water and energy budgets. Moreover, the study states that based on information from future climate scenario models, over 90% of GDP in most global land areas will be affected by the increasing occurrence of severe heat and drought events by the end of this century, with rural and poor areas experiencing more severe effects.

“The work has wide-reaching implications across the broad fields of sustainability, including climate science, hydrology, ecology, water resources, and risk assessment,” Dr. Jiabo Yin, the corresponding author of the study, stated.

Another main author of the study Professor Louise Slater linked this study to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). “Understanding compounding hazards in a warming Earth is essential for the implementation of the SDGs, in particular SDG13 that aims to combat climate change and its impacts,” she said.