Blog Page 1947

Npowered? A year in the Championship

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Once again the Npower Championship has not failed to deliver on action, excitement and intrigue. From the very first day of the season, teams throughout the league have been jostling for positions, be it doggedly pushing for promotion or desperately clinging on to avoid being sucked into the relegation dogfight. It has witnessed the birth of new stars, the managerial revolving door revolving more than ever before, and its fair share of controversies both on and off the pitch. However, the dust has now settled and the time has come to pass judgement on the division’s 24 teams.

 

Queens Park Rangers – 1st position, 88 points

A Cut Above the Rest: Dominant at the back with goalkeeper Paddy Kenny in terrific form, dangerous going forward with the mercurial Adel Taarabt and Heider Helguson excelling this season and Neil Warnock’s experienced head and guile in the transfer market have made the Hoops formidable opponents all season long.

 

Norwich City – 2nd position, 84 points

Surprise Package of the Season: Relegated to Npower Football League One two years ago, Paul Lambert has turned the Canaries’ fortunes around. Messers Surman, Crofts and Jackson have been magnificent buys and talisman Grant Holt has carried on from where he left off last year, scoring 20 goals this season.

 

Swansea City – 3rd position, 80 points

Rodgers That: After a disastrous spell at Reading, Brendan Rodgers has rebuilt his reputation at the Liberty Stadium with The Swans playing the most attractive football in the league. Scott Sinclair from former club Chelsea may well be the signing of the season. Expect them to be tough play-off opponents.

 

Cardiff City – 4th position, 80 points

So Near and Yet So Far: Dave Jones must be tired of looking at the same script every year. The Bluebirds boast one of the strongest squads in the league; however they have fallen short again. Craig Bellamy’s experience and Jay Bothroyd’s goalscoring prowess will be vital in the playoffs.

 

Reading – 5th position, 77 points

Playoff Crashers: What a final third of the season it has been for Brian McDermott’s team. Six wins in their last eight matches have propelled the Royals into the playoffs. Left-back Ian Harte was a steal from Carlisle United and striker Shane Long has really come of age this season.  

 

Nottingham Forest – 6th position, 75 points

Davies Does It Again: Seasoned Scotsman Billy Davies knows what it takes to get promotion having achieved the same feat with Derby County. Beaten in the playoffs last season by Blackpool, fans will be praying that history doesn’t repeat itself. Midfielder Lewis McGugan and striker Robert Earnshaw will be key.

 

Leeds United – 7th position, 72 points

The Damned Good United: Expectations at Elland Road are always high given the club’s illustrious past; however Simon Grayson has again done an excellent job. Midfielder Johnny Howson has imposed himself, winger Max Gradel has excelled and striker Luciano Becchio has more than filled the mantle left by Jermaine Beckford.

 

Burnley – 8th position, 68 points

A Season of Two Halves: Promotion contenders at the beginning of this season, the Clarets have underperformed. Brian Laws was unable to gel the team together, but his replacement, talented manager Eddie Howe, has started off well and it’ll be interesting to keep abreast of his dealings in the summer transfer window.

 

Millwall – 9th position, 67 points

The Lion-s Kings: Like Norwich City, Millwall have taken many people by surprise this season. Kenny Jackett, linked with the Wales national team position earlier this season, has built a strong, combative yet attacking side. Midfielder James Henry and striker Steve Morrison have caught the eye with some outstanding performances.

 

Leicester City – 10th position, 67 points

On the Prowl: One team to definitely look out for next season. With a reported £10,000,000 transfer budget and Sven’s global contacts, expect significant action in the summer. If they can strengthen at the back and build around midfielder Andy King then they’ll be a force to be reckoned with.

 

Hull City – 11th position, 65 points

Easy Tigers: Following last year’s relegation from the Barclays Premier League, the club witnessed a huge turnover of players in the summer but Nigel Pearson has built an accomplished side. Andy Dawson has led at the back and Matty Fryatt and Aaron McLean’s partnership up front bodes well for next season.

 

Middlesbrough – 12th position, 62 points

The Unconvinceables: Despite a significant outlay on players, Boro have again disappointed, with striker Scott McDonald the only one even slightly to impress. Chairman Steve Gibson is always supportive of his managers so expect him to back Tony Mowbray as he attempts to steer his boyhood club back into the top flight.

 

Ipswich Town – 13th position, 62 points

Jewell in the Crown: Like Burnley, it has been a mixed season for The Tractor Boys. Since replacing Roy Keane with Paul Jewell, their form has improved dramatically with the team rapidly moving away from the relegation zone. Keeping the hottest property in the league, Connor Wickham, will prove difficult.

 

Watford – 14th position, 61 points

Sting in the Tail: Malkay Mackay’s team have been good value this season, especially away from home. He has done a wonderful job in nurturing young talent at the club, with some players becoming integral members of the first team. Keeping the League’s top scorer, Danny Graham, is top priority.

 

Bristol City – 15th position, 60 points

Steady Eddies: Despite the pre-season optimism, the Robins got off to the worst possible start with the resignation of Steve Coppell. Keith Millen has steadied the ship at Ashton Gate with striker Brett Pitman having an impressive first season with the club, deputizing for the City’s injured marksman, Nicky Maynard.

 

Portsmouth – 16th position, 58 points

The Chimes Keep Ringing: After a poor start to the season, Steve Cotterill has done well with a small squad at his disposal and the constant shenanigans in the boardroom. Defender Joel Ward looks an exciting prospect – however they may lose top scorer David Nugent at the end of the season.

 

Barnsley – 17th position, 56 points

All’s well at Oakwell: Survival was the aim of the game for Mark Robin’s side and they have comfortably achieved that feet this season. Goals have been at a premium for The Tykes and losing impressive winger Adam Hammill in the January transfer window certainly did not help their cause.

 

Coventry City – 18th position, 55 points

Singin’ the Sky Blues: In November The Sky Blues were fourth but a slump in form saw them slide down the table – where would they be without Marlon King’s goals? They start from scratch with the first priority being to appoint a backroom who can transform the club’s fortunes around.

 

Derby County – 19th position, 49 points

Rebuilding, Rebuilding, Rebuilding: Like Nigel Pearson, Nigel Clough has had to deal with a large turnover of players at Pride Park. Captain Robbie Savage has been as influential as ever but as with Barnsley, goals have been difficult to come by, especially following top scorer Kris Commons’s move to Celtic in January.

 

Crystal Palace – 20th position, 48 points

Where Eagles Dare: Unlike last season, Palace secured their Championship status with games in hand. Dougie Freedman was thrust into the deep end but his team have gradually turned Selhurst Park into a fortress. Will they be able to keep hold of their young stars such as full back Nathaniel Clyne?

 

Doncaster Rovers – 21st position, 48 points

Ding-dong Donny: What a strange season for Sean O’Driscoll’s team. Seemingly comfortable in mid-table, latterly a run of poor results dragged them into the relegation fight. In the end they pulled through and once again the plaudits go to in-form striker Billy Sharp who has had another fine season up front.

 

Preston North End – 22nd position, 42 points

The Wrong End: After an eleven year stay in the Championship, The Lilywhites are down and out. Gone are the glory days of Sir Tom Finney, and North End will have to regroup under the bullish Phil Brown. Expect to see Sean St Ledger and talented youngster Adam Barton depart Deepdale.

 

Sheffield United – 23rd position, 42 points

The Blades are Blunted: Instability on and off the pitch and with Micky Adams collecting a paltry 20 points from a possible 75 since taking the reins, it’s little surprise to see the Blades relegated. Who’d have thought it, a Steel City derby in the third tier of English football!

 

Scunthorpe United – 24th position, 42 points

Brittle Iron: Having defied the odds season after season, Scunny have finally succumbed to the drop. Losing striker Gary Hooper early in the season was a huge blow but recently appointed Alan Knill has a proven track record with lower-league teams and will meet former employers Bury next season.

 

 

Team of the Season: Norwich City

Player of the Season: Adel Taarabt (Queens Park Rangers)

Manager of the Season: Paul Lambert (Norwich City)

 

With the Npower Championship playoffs – the final being the most expensive game in English football – still to be decided and eagerly anticipated as usual, this rollercoaster season still has some legs left in it and undoubtedly some more twists and turns along the way to Wembley so much so that some fans will be inevitably be asking themselves can it get any better than this? Surely not.

Week in Pictures (2)

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The calm after the storm

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The human urge for ‘justice’, to put right or to punish what was wrong, is a powerful one. In societies across the globe, legal systems – formal or otherwise – are predicated upon the notion that violent transgressions will not go unheeded. Whether retribution takes the form of a prison sentence, a stoning, death, or even a simple apology, peoples everywhere seek and find ‘closure’ in bringing the perpetrators of wrongdoing to task.

This is the backdrop against which the current outpouring of joy being witnessed across the United States at the news of Osama bin Laden’s death must be understood. People who, individually and collectively, felt harmed by the horrific attacks on New York and Washington D.C ten years ago are now experiencing a release, a joy, a tranquillity that comes only from knowing that he who wronged you has met his fate. Watching the tears of firefighters at Ground Zero, who can blame them? Osama bin Laden took the lives of thousands of innocent human beings, and the world is arguably a better place without him in it.

To stop here though is not enough. Indeed, to do so would be to do an injustice to the memory of those who died at his hands, of those who have died subsequently in the effort to find and punish him. As a society, we need to push ourselves a step further. If we can understand why people filled Sixth Avenue to wave American flags, can we not also understand why others cheer the death of allied soldiers in occupied Afghanistan, why still others cheered the fall of the Twin Towers themselves?

In the immediate aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, the language of ‘evil’ was current. For many leaders and political commentators, Osama bin Laden was an ‘evil man’, his deeds ‘evil acts’, those who revelled in them ‘evil people’. This language however hides more that it reveals. When we explain things as ‘evil’, we pathologise them, we remove context from the cause-effect equation, and we prevent ourselves from asking the question – why?

Today, Bin Laden’s death offers us the opportunity to once again ask that question. By following the logic of ‘evil’, we could label those cheering the death of a man in New York City as evil. But we don’t. Because we know that they have a ‘why’ – and we understand where their reaction comes from. For precisely this reason, we need to understand where Osama bin Laden came from, where those who cheer and cheered the loss of innocent American lives come from. As Robert Fisk observed a decade ago, ‘this is also about American missiles smashing into Palestinian homes and US helicopters firing missiles into a Lebanese ambulance’. It’s also about drone attacks, support for brutal dictators, the grossly unfair global distribution of resources. 

As the celebrations die down, these are the ‘whys’ we now need to address, without hiding behind the protective veil of ‘evil’. Until we do, it will only be a matter of time before another Bin Laden emerges, and before people East and West experience yet more injustice and yet more desire for the closure of retribution.

Week In Pictures (1)

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May Day, May Day!

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‘Et in arcadia ego’

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Apparently, ‘directing is like playing music’. It is also rather like trying to negotiate the Oxford High Street on a unicycle, or perhaps memorise Hamlet: it is often dangerous, sometimes difficult and always worth it in the end. I directed my first play when I was sixteen — my own adaptation of The Picture of Dorian Gray — and now, with four plays and, I hope, a slightly expanded theatrical knowledge in hand, I am about to direct one of the most iconic works in the English language — Brideshead Revisited. After more than thirty years, Brideshead is returning to Oxford, its undisputed spiritual home. And I will be sharing the whole experience — all the tears, tantrums and joy, until opening night at the Corpus Auditorium in 7th week — with you. Yes you, dropping your mug of tea in excitement at this scintillating news, and even you, the hardened cynic rolling your eyes at the screen thinking that this is just another play about over-privileged Oxford kids like yourself.

The script is my stage adaptation of the classic novel by an Oxonian literary giant, Evelyn Waugh, and the first draft was written during one mad night of inspiration last term, after a particularly lively formal Hall, which, I assure you, is not an oxymoron. There must have been something in the wine.

Although we begin rehearsals in 1st week, I started working on Brideshead at the beginning of last term by finding a production team and casting. John Frankenheimer, the celebrated American director, maintained that ‘casting is sixty-five percent of directing’ and I don’t think I could disagree. The right actor in the right part only needs guiding rather than directing. Luckily, the idea of Brideshead was so popular that nearly a hundred of Oxford’s best actors came to audition and the final cast of eleven is really quite extraordinary.

After casting was completed, I began the Easter vac by trying to draw up an efficient rehearsal schedule. We all remember those school play rehearsals where you aimlessly waited around for three hours before your ten minutes of glory as Villager 5, or at least I do. Other things to consider were putting together a definitive props list — by which I mean trying to decide how many towers of wax fruit we need — and thinking about the music. Taking a cue from Tennessee Williams, music is going to be an integral part of this production, transferring the emotional intensity from one scene to the next by marrying period music from the 1920s and atmospheric scene change music, which has been specially commissioned for the play. The three protagonists and I also spent an afternoon at the National Theatre costume warehouse in London, hunting for various outré, decadent pieces from the 1920s. 

Before rehearsals start, the first real problem for a director is to determine what his direction will actually be, which is slightly more difficult and less obvious than it sounds. Once the production’s ‘center’ is found, every single directorial decision should be based on it. Of course, Brideshead is a play about many things but for me it is essentially a modern tragedy about the death of an idyll. Presenting the play from this angle will involve building up an unbearable sense of tragic futility from the very beginning, as the protagonists strive to satisfy their impossible yearnings. Now that that’s settled, let us begin.

Chasing the Dragon

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You don’t have to channel flick for long through China’s deluge of melancholy soaps and anaemic news to find shots of gallant revolutionaries striding through hails of Japanese bullets, freeing the people from the corrupt Guomindang, and foiling the schemes of their villainous foreign backers in a stroke. The wars of the 1930s and 40s (or, to use the Chinese phrase, the Liberation) remain after almost a century a constant feature of Chinese programming. Granted, past wars are relived worldwide, but in no country, or at least none that I have visited, are the wars of a single era so firmly embedded in television schedules, broadcast at all hours of the day, to an audience that has long since grown bored of them.

This last point is interesting. War dramas here are not only omnipresent, but bad – the film is dull, the acting unoriginal, the action mimed, on a par with those weird battle re-enactments you probably watched in history classes. Even the Chinese themselves poke fun at the recurring technological anachronisms – peasant soldiers shown firing missiles and the like. The point is not that the Chinese make bad shows, but rather that such a casual treatment of one of the most vicious periods of China’s history does not seem utterly absurd. In the West, the horrors of war have to be relived in full, gory detail to seem anything other than crassly disrespectful to the millions sent against their will to die in terrified agony, but here historical disaster is legitimate fodder for anyone with a camera and a few thousand yuan.

There are two main reasons for this. First is the simple fact that  setting a program in the era is one of the only ways to get a bit of action, so corrosive to ‘harmony’, past China’s censors – thus, it is an easy choice for script writers. The second and more important reason is that the battles of the era, which, as the story goes, freed China from over a century of foreign exploitation and humiliation, are viewed by most Chinese in black-and-white terms. In those heady days, the line separating Communist good for foreign or Nationalist evil was yet to be blurred by the grim aftermath of the revolution. Without trying to downplay the callous exploitation of the Chinese by the West in the Opium Wars, the brutality of the Japanese invasion, or the corruption of the Nationalist government, the era is discussed among the Chinese with a total lack of moral ambiguity (the Communists committed their fair share of brutality as well), and a genuine passion that can come as a shock to more ahistorical Westerners.

It’s because of this lack of sensitivity to the moral ambiguities of those conflicts, born out of a strong sense of righteous victimhood, that such casual treatments of war fails to raise eyebrows in China. Revolutionary battles sit comfortably on daytime TV only because there is no doubt in the minds of the audience that the dead deserved to die – the Nationalists for their corruption, the Japanese for their barbarity; Westerners earn contempt for their shadowy attempts to hold back the revolution (which, to be fair, is entirely accurate). Though the events concerned have long faded from the public consciousness in the West (they are, for example, rarely taught in schools), the image of China as the victim of foreign oppression still hangs heavily over the interactions of the Chinese with the West.

Take, for example, the virulently nationalistic protests that erupted in many Chinese cities a year ago, after a show of Japanese defiance in a dispute over a few islands. The anger both on the streets and in the press was rooted not in the importance of the islands themselves, but in Japan’s past crimes against China, and outrage that such a past sinner would not cave in to Chinese demands. Despite dozens of apologies, not to mention the fact that Japanese yen, through both commerce and  aid, have powered much of China’s rise, the occupation remains far from forgotten.

Equally, polls, op-eds and much debate online is shot through with a lingering suspicion that Western nations are conspiring to keep China weak and servile, and prevent it taking it’s perceived rightful place as a great power. Western complaints, from support for Tibetan independence, to calls for political reform, even requests for a revaluation of the yuan, are framed as insidious plots to ‘split’ China, and keep it weak. However large a pinch of salt the rantings of the official press may be taken with these days, that latent suspicion remains firmly ingrained in the minds of many Chinese, especially those whose contact with the outside world is kept to a minimum by low income and education.

I’m not, of course, arguing that such attitudes were created by war dramas. Such grievances were embedded in the rhetoric of all the original revolutionary factions, and are sustained today by the Patriotic Education Campaign that began in schools after the Tiananmen crackdown, to play up the role of foreigners in China’s troubles and divert attention away from the Party’s own wrongdoings. Even less am I trying to argue that this anger is not genuine, or somehow a government con – a classmate of mine was harangued only yesterday by a taxi driver about the destruction of a Beijing palace by foreign powers over a century ago.

The war dramas are in a sense China’s answer to America’s 24. Political paranoia that normally lies beneath the surface of public discourse is played out and climatically resolved in a straightforward conflict between good and bad of the sort that only violence can provide.  Our views of China are invariably coloured by its recent, terrible, history, yet the Chinese perspective is still to this day determined by conflicts and crimes that foreigners barely remember, let alone consider relevant to the modern day. Whether the Chinese will move on within our lifetimes is difficult to say, but for a while the sight brave revolutionaries charging into the face of foreign adversity, no matter how low-budget, will continue to warm the heart of many a disgruntled patriot.

 

 

 

Reflections on the Decade

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I was ten years old and in the fifth grade on September 11, 2001. I lived in New York at the time, in a community that lost many victims to the attacks on the World Trade Center that day. So, like most Americans, when I heard that Osama bin Laden had been killed, a mixture of emotions rushed through me – relief and regret at once washing over me in waves.

I remember vividly what it was like, on a sunny afternoon, to be taken into the school gymnasium along with the rest of my grade and told of the terrorist attacks that had taken place, as airplanes were intentionally crashed by al Qaeda not only in Manhattan but near the Pentagon and in the fields of rural Pennsylvania. In the hours, days, and weeks that followed, somber silence was punctuated at intervals by anger, fear, and sorrow. But it was also broken by the outpouring of patriotism that engulfed a city and a nation.

At our school concert the following spring, we sang a medley of songs, ranging from The Star-Spangled Banner, our national anthem, to America the Beautiful, My Country, ‘Tis of Thee, and God Bless the USA. We wore red, white, and blue humbly, without even the slightest hint of irony or self-deprecation to mar the pride felt across the country in being American and in possessing the ability to survive and to show the world that as a people we were stronger than ever.

Over time, that spirit seemed to fade in some ways. We still said the Pledge of Allegiance every morning at school and paused afterwards for a moment of silence to commemorate the victims not only of 9/11 but of other wars. Flags still flew from the homes of citizens, and the fireworks on the Fourth of July hinted at a greater significance. But as people went about their daily lives, memories grew a bit dimmer. For the families of victims, while their own memories will never dim, trying to move on became a priority.

So when I woke up Monday morning to the news that the man responsible more than any other for the terror of that day was gone, I was jolted by that emotional rush. Because I was here in Oxford and not in New York where people flooded the streets near Ground Zero, or in Washington, D.C., where they gathered on the National Mall. Across the country, college students held impromptu parties on campuses bedecked with American flags, already memorialized in their own way in the Facebook pictures of my high school friends.

I quickly understood, though, that being here has only brought me more clarity in looking back on what happened and in processing this most recent event. I’m not standing right now in the New York metropolitan area, but that doesn’t mean I don’t feel the same elation and regret. I’ve simply been given more time in a foreign place to realize I will never lose those feelings.

American sport in crisis

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The NFL is in crisis. After attaining a record audience of 111 million viewers worldwide for this year’s Super Bowl and increasing their UK audience for the game to 3.5 million, the league has shut down. It is in a ‘lockout’, the ins and outs of which I will attempt to explain.

The American sports leagues are run collectively by the owners of each team but they are forbidden from changing the financial rules without the consent of the Players’ Union via a Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) which expires every few years. The situation is unlike that in Europe because of an antitrust law which forces companies to collectively bargain with players’ unions rather then simply cooperate as businesses. The process is a not-so-simple game of give and take. The owners introduced salary caps to help save money and even out competition; subsequently the union fought for a minimum salary to ensure no players were underpaid. The league took the majority of the television revenue generated and the players followed by implementing free agency, which allowed the players greater freedom of movement and power over where they could play. The problem is simply who gets what.

The current situation is that the previous CBA has expired and the league has locked the players out, meaning no players may contact coaches or receive their cheques. The situation has barely moved since the 12th of March, nearly two months since the agreement expired. While the amount of money at stake is enormous – a reported $9bn sum is to be divided – the bickering and verbal jousting has caused many to lose faith in the sport. At least greed and selfishness in the Premiership is restricted to single players or clubs. In this case, the whole image of the NFL is at stake: a league which has built itself around the image of tough, brutal but hard-working men is embroiled in a squabble of playground proportions.

The owners claim that they are in bad financial shape but refuse to show the players any proof, while the players have united under DeMaurice Smith, a no-nonsense negotiator whose aggressive style will surely only aggravate matters further. The eventual result will be positive – the CBA will get agreed – but at what cost to the league? The longer they take, the longer players will grumble about not getting paid and fans will miss more games. American football is a favourite sport of mine but I am unbelievably grateful to the structure of our sporting system. The greed displayed by both parties will only succeed in turning more fans away.

Interview: Stefan Szymanski

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Stefan Szymanski is a leading sports economist at the Cass Business School and an Oxford alumnus, although he says “with some confidence” that his career path has had nothing to do with his experiences at the university. After initially studying how a business’s economic strategy corresponds to their success with John Kay, a fellow at St. John’s, he later dedicated his research to sport, where success is easy to quantify: “if you don’t win the league you can say you’re the better team, but no-one will believe you” he quips. Furthermore, the financial transparency of English football clubs gave Szymanski an enormous and easy-to-access sample before he expanded his research to America to understand “how sports league are organised and how they work as commercial enterprises”.

Much of his attention is focused on the unique differences between the European and the American sports leagues, which presents an economic paradox. In economic terms he would expect an “iteration towards a single best structure”. In fact, the two systems are still remarkably different. The American “monopolistic system” is based around a closed league, where teams’ existence at the top level is never threatened, whereas promotion and relegation are a major part of almost every European sports league. A closed system (for example the NFL, where all television revenues and merchandising sales are shared) allows teams to act collectively in each other’s interests, treating the league as a “joint venture”. By contrast, clubs in the Premier League have only their own safety in mind: why would Aston Villa share their revenues with West Ham if they might be threatened with relegation the next year?

But, according to Szymanski, the gap between the leagues is narrowing. What interests him is the introduction of the financial fair play regulations (demanding that teams break even over a three-year period or be subject to disqualification for European competition) and the increase in parachute payments to clubs relegated from the Premier League.

The fair play regulations “could end up acting like a salary cap system” creating “a mechanism which limits a club’s capacity” to outspend its rivals. Moreover, the financial help given to relegated clubs (£48m over four years) creates a “semi-closed system”, whereby realistically only six to eight clubs can be promoted back into the league because of their financial firepower. This in itself is evidence that the European leagues are leaning towards the American system which in turn, along with the greater “global appeal of football”, has attracted American owners to the Premier League. John Henry, Liverpool’s principal owner, in fact stated that the introduction of the financial fair play regulations reassured him that he would be able to turn the club into a profitable business.

While Szymanski thinks that the new American commercial owners (there are five of them currently) are “looking for changes to regulations which will make it [the Premier League] more like American leagues” to guarantee themselves sustainable profit, he thinks that there would be a political uproar from the governing bodies as well as the fans if a few owners tried to abolish the system of relegation and promotion. Moreover, he doubts the effectiveness of the imminent financial regulations. He says they are “unlikely to make any fundamental difference to the structure of European football” but will also be hard to implement.

Hypothetically, if Barcelona were excluded from the Champions’ League both the Spanish FA and UEFA would suffer, losing fan interest in the best team of the competition and subsequently large chunks of revenue.

Talking to Szymanski was remarkably enlightening and his knowledge in his field is predictably profound. He gives a global and intellectual picture of the sporting world and how two systems that many presume to be separate are in fact becoming closer and closer. Football fans need not worry, however. The day where the Premier League is run like the NFL will likely never come, but nonetheless Szymanski’s revelations provoke some thought as to the future of European sport.