Friday, May 23, 2025
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Debate: Is space exploration a waste of resources?

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YES

Sian Meaney

Like most people, I have a great desire to learn about the wonders of the world in which we live. However, I also have a deep respect for human life and an understanding that ensuring a high quality of life for those around us is far more important than satiating curiosity about any topic, including space. The exploration of space not only exhausts resources that could be better used elsewhere, but also implies that the welfare of those around us is of less importance than exploring the unknown.

This debate is provoked by the recent Virgin Galactic crash, which resulted in the fatality of one pilot and the serious injury of another. Writing about the incident in a blog-post, Richard Branson stated that “every new transportation system has to deal with bad days” and that “space is hard — but worth it”. Is it really “worth it” though? Our hyper-commercialized world is one in which the loss of life and millions of pounds worth of technology is described as a “bad day” rather than a disaster.

However, though this commercial venture displays much that is wrong with our attitude to space exploration, I feel that it is more important to focus on trips funded or subsidised by taxpayers’ money, as these most directly detract from public spending.

Space exploration is a legitimate enterpise — but the needs of humanity should take precedence over its desires. We need to look after our planet and combat the multitude of prob- lems threatening our ecosystem: the disappearance of the rainforest, global warming, and the pollution of the oceans.

Rather than looking to the stars, we ought to look around us and focus on solving problems facing our generation and those to come.

We ought to consider those suffering from starvation before spending millions of pounds on the small chance of learning something new. I realise this is unfeasible — but it does put things in perspective. As President Eisenhower once said, “Every rocket fired signifies, in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed.”

I acknowledge that space exploration has led to the creation of beneficial technologies. I’m grateful for Velcro, I really am. However, we could gain more by focusing our energies on creating things that directly benefit us, or directly alleviate urgent problems, at a fraction of the cost.

Moreover, we often lose the money and resources that we send into space: the history of failed missions to Mars dates back 40 years and includes the $165m Mars Polar Lander and the $125m Mars Climate Orbiter.

Space exploration is heralded as a way to gain scientific knowledge. However, the majority of NASA’s spending on research is ground-based. China has made no claims to scientific benefit from manned missions, and neither has Russia in recent years. This provokes the question “Why not focus on unmanned missions instead?”

My answer: because this too is a waste of resources. Areas of our plan- et are still relatively unknown, areas we know contain a wealth of life. Our seabed is relatively unexplored, as is Antarctica.

We also ought to question whether space exploration is really about the accumulation of knowledge. The most articulate opposition to the Apollo missions came from Nobel scientists, who objected to the cutting of their budgets to fund what DeGroot has labelled an “ego trip to the moon”.

China’s manned programme was intended to challenge publicly the US domination of space, while Bush’s pledge to boost spending on NASA and restart the manned mission to Mars (priced at $400 billion) was a political response to this.

Does the loss of human life and the expenditure of billions of dollars on an ego trip constitute a waste of resources? I think so. 

NO

Tom Robinson

At the dawn of the space age, people lived in fear as Russia and the USA vied for military and technological dominance. As astronauts sped away from Earth, humanity was reminded of the very real capacity we had to destroy each other. If we could send men to the stars, we could certainly fire nuclear warheads around the globe.

But during this time, we discovered phenomenal things through space exploration. We were reminded of just how boundless human creativity and ingenuity could be.

Just three decades after a war had ended in which planes were built from donated pots and pans, we had landed humans on the moon and brought them back safely. We had done so on the back of human intellect alone, unaided by subsequent scientific developments in the past four decades.

Space exploration is not a waste of resources, if only because it serves to give humanity a vision, to make us take note of just how incredibly far we have come and how far we still have to go.

Of course, people will argue that we have our priorities wrong. Space exploration, one could argue, is a luxury that can ill be afforded when people are suffering unnecessarily from diseases, research into which is under-funded. Wasteful when, as happened last week, scientific equipment and supplies, weighing 5000 pounds in total, were destroyed by a malfunction. Irresponsible when the gasses the rockets emit contribute to global warming.

I recognise and understand the importance of all of these issues, yet I still want space exploration to continue. When children sat and watched Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin step out from the lunar module, a generation of scientists was inspired. And when those people went on to create the Curiosity rover, currently roaming on the surface of Mars beaming back the most detailed pictures of the Martian surface we’ve ever seen, another generation was made.

Who knows what they might do? Could they be the scientists to establish colonies on the Moon, the generation to mine vital resources from outer-space?

The Universe is vast and complex, which is why space exploration is such an effective means of inspiring future generations to contribute to human understanding and development.

Whilst it is disappointing when we lose scientific equipment and other resources due to malfunctions, it is also a crucial part of the learning process. We may have failed to send this rocket into space, but we’ll learn from it how to send countless more there successfully.

And it is this challenge, the fact that it is not easy to explore space, which drives us to do exactly that. Humanity has always strived to venture into the unexplored, find new phenomena, new ways of improving our lives.

Space is no different. There are asteroids full of materials that can be mined without polluting the atmosphere and damaging the livelihood of others. And so many technologies, developed initially for space travel, have become central to how we live on Earth: safer, faster aeroplane travel, better housing insulation, fire- resistant materials, artificial limbs, robotics and so on.

If we can explore space, harness what it has to offer, and develop new technologies in the process, then we’ll be contributing rather than wasting resources.

Space exploration cannot be seen as a waste of resources. It is at least a means of testing and refining technology that, in fact, provides the resources we need to improve our lives and those of future generations.

More importantly than this, though, is that space exploration inspires us. As the International Space Station orbits above us, we are reminded that when collectively we act together, there is little we cannot do. That symbolism is priceless. 

Butt-plugs aren’t as edgy as they were

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You’ve almost certainly seen the large green butt-plug resembling installation by Paul McCarthy, put on display in Paris earlier this month. The work, entitled ‘Tree’, was gone within a day; what has been called a conservative backlash of ‘vandalism’ finally caused security services to deflate the ‘abstracted Christmas tree’. McCarthy was actually slapped in the face by a passer by.

Maybe you haven’t, though, seen the artist’s reaction. Did he realise his installation was in bad taste and step back? No. Well, hopefully he realised it was in bad taste, or there really is no hope for humanity, but his response has been aggressive and repulsive, to take ‘revenge’ by upping his game.

Across the river, in the newly renovated Monnaie de Paris, the city’s historic mint, McCarthy’s newest work has been going on for the last week or so. Entitled ‘Chocolate Factory’, the artwork consists of a working factory, producing chocolate santas and butt plugs, to be sold outside for the bizarrely high price of €50 each. What?

It’s almost a hundred years since Duchamp displayed his work entitled ‘Fontain’; literally, just a signed urinal. That had a point in a stuffy art-world. And maybe it was actually shocking that someone would do that.

But McCarthy? His work is the ultimate in tiresome, posturing attention seeking. You can almost see the thought process. ‘What will shock everyone?’ Still, in an age where, to be honest, the urinal doesn’t cut the mustard. I know…a giant green
butt plug will ensure that every press outlet, right down to the last student-run papers, will run a piece on me.

I do feel a little ashamed at pandering to that sort of blatant, lewd attention seeking. But the thing is, it’s really not that shocking. In fact, the green butt plug that caused so much controversy isn’t a new idea of the artist’s. He’s been doing it for the last few decades.

In 2001, McCarthy installed his work ‘Santa Claus’ in Rotterdam, a giant, rather hideous, statue holding an object which bears, again, strong resemblance to a butt-plug. The work became known as the ‘butt plug gnome’. This isn’t the only one – several other inflatable lewd santas have been erected in various places.

In fact, the ‘chocolate factory’ isn’t even new either. In 2007, the artist released a series of chocolate santas with butt-plugs. If they weren’t sold out you’d be able to pick up one of these horrors for the generous price of £371 on Artspace. Here’s the blurb: “This work demonstrates the artist’s proclivity towards messy, edible materials that viscerally conjure bodily processes and fluids. Santa Claus is also a recurring motif in McCarthy’s body of work.” Let’s interpret that art-speak; chocolate looks like shit, and McCarthy can’t think of anything else to produce.

People sometimes, unfairly, criticize modern art for simply being an idea, given to a workshop to produce. But here is something worth criticizing, something where the idea is so unbelievably awful, so mind numbingly tiresome and passe.

Review: Freud’s Auerbach Collection at the Tate

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This little exhibition at the Tate Britain gives a strange insight into the personal relationship between two of the recent greats of the British art scene. Lucien Freud’s private collection of Auerbach’s work hung in his London home until his death three years ago and now (to avoid inheritance tax) the works are being displayed together for the last time before being distributed across UK galleries.

Even superficially, the two artists have a lot in common. Both were born to Jewish families in Berlin, only escaping the rise of Nazism by moving to Britain. Auerbach was sent to England by his parents in 1939 under the Kindertransport scheme. They were unable to follow, and died a few years later in concentration camps. As with so many other Jewish artists, such as Mark Rothko, the experience of the Holocaust left a lasting impression and a lingering influence upon his art.

From 1948, Auerbach’s interest in art became obsessive as he studied at St. Martin’s and the Royal College of Art. Less prestigious, but undoubtedly more formative, were the additional classes he took at the Borough Polytechnic where he was taught by David Bomberg, a cult figure, despite his inability to get a job at one of the larger London art schools after the Second World War. It was around this time that Auerbach became close to Freud, as both began to work under the rough guise of the subsequently named ‘School of London’ group — a collection of figurative artists including the likes of Francis Bacon and Leon Kossoff. Up until his death a few years ago, Freud was hailed as the greatest living British artist, the last bohemian, the creator of such fantastic art that his appalling treatment of women was kept in the background.

Auerbach’s connection to London spanned his whole life and, unsurprisingly, it is his local neighbourhood of Camden that recurs the most in his work. In the Tate exhibition, the London canvases fill the room — far larger and brighter than any of the portraits displayed. Indeed, this quality has not escaped the notice of the Tate Britain curator Elena Crippa who has highlighted the extent to which “his work does not reproduce — there is something so wonderfully tactile and you truly need to experience it”. Auerbach’s work is similarly defined by its unique focus upon texture, a component of the work that assumes almost equal importance to the subjects he painted. ‘Mornington Crescent’ in particular stands out. Auerbach’s thick paint and roughly hewn lines avoid total abstraction and show the early morning confusion of a city waking up. The sultry colours are more effective than the mid-day, mid-commute luridness of some of his other London scenes.

I personally found the best (and most moving) part of the exhibition to be the series of hand drawn postcards and birthday cards sent from Auerbach over many years — all of which Freud had framed in testament to the strength of their friendship. They have little messages and portraits, penned in Auerbach’s rough style, and give a clear insight into the affection that the two felt for each other. One card even depicts the famous photograph of the two having breakfast in Smithfield, sitting jovially side by side.

But the cards also show an amusing, and endearing, amount of disorganisation on Auerbach’s part. One reads; “Dear Lucian, This very ill-timed Birthday present. I have just been in to Paxton & W [Whitfield] and wanted to get a ham before they SOLD OUT. Love Frank. PS Many Happy Returns of the 8th.” This is certainly not the aloof image of the artist that we are used to seeing.

Crippa argues, “There is so much affection in them and they give the lie to the common portrayal of Auerbach and Freud as rather austere artists.” It is certainly true that we rarely get such a personal insight into the interactions of our most famous artists, and this is the real strength of the exhibition. It humanises both Auerbach and Freud and, through their interactions, one learns a great deal about them as individuals and the undoubted impact and influence each exerted upon the other.

The Tate is using this exhibition as a taster for their major retrospective of Auerbach’s work in 2015, but in many ways this single room of his works is definitive. It seems pretty sad that art galleries all over the UK are currently bidding and vying for one work or another from this 40-work strong collection. Of course, it would be impractical to keep all of the paintings and cards together — after all which gallery would get custody over such an important bequest? But splitting up Freud’s collection — each component part going to the highest bidder — seems a shame. It is fairly unlikely that it will ever be seen in this complete unity again, adding a touch of pathos to the exhibition.

 

Review: Dahling You Were Marvellous

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★★★☆☆
Three Stars

Steven Berkoff’s Dahling You Were Marvellous is a masterfully conceived play. Ceaselessly satirical, unnervingly pertinent, and entertainingly colourful, it presents a series of well-drawn caricatures, every one somehow connected with showbiz and every one glorious in their annoying, borderline aggravating, self-absorption. Cameron Cook’s production at the BT Studio is as bold as brass, as tight as a drum, and as energetic as a hyperactive toddler, but there is one major problem: comedically, it’s as hit and miss as a drunken divorcee desperately trying to reach the high notes of Harry Nilsson’s Without You from a Wetherspoons’ tabletop.

There are funny parts and there are not so funny parts; there are funny characters and not so funny characters. Nick Davies and Helena Wilson are entertaining, if a little tedious (though, one feels, that is kind of the point), as Steve and Linda, a pair of cross-legged, narcissistic sycophants, who are all-talk-and-no-action over their desire to take on the roles of Macbeth and his lady wife.

Actor/Director Cook is impressively, if not enjoyably, visceral (Ray Winston-esque) in his various loud-mouthed parts, though if he could develop just one alternative facial expression his performance would be immeasurably more watchable. Maintaining that grossly upturned lip and scrunched-up nose for the entire duration of the performance must be exhausting on the face.

Exaggerated physicality, grossly distorted facial expressions, and appropriate over-acting are all. Or rather, they are almost all. With his recognisable monosyllabic delivery, David Meredith manages to capture as much as the other performers and more, barely straining a muscle in the process.

There is something totally unique about Meredith’s brand of humour, a combination of quintessentially human pathos and crushing cynicism. He always seems so aware that he is on stage, yet this paradoxically lends an extra dimension to his comedy. Whether as the enunciating Sir Mike, the painfully alternative Sid, or the timid would-be-producer tentatively proffering his screenplays, he never fails to amuse. Come to that, he never fails to amuse in anything he turns his hand to.

“A caricature is putting the face of a joke on the body of a truth,” said Joseph Conrad, and while this might seem an obvious observation, it is one Cook et al would do well to contemplate. Caricatures are only funny when the kernel of truth at their heart is defiantly present. With some of the characters presented in Dahling You Were Marvellous, it seems to be disappointingly absent.

Hence the audience laughs at Meredith’s Sid, because no matter how exaggerated his irritatingly shallow pretentious to social commentary are, they are the recognisable traits of the guardian-reading, herbal-tea-drinking quasi-anarchist. But conversely, the audience does not laugh (as much) at Nick Davies’ moronic Brick Bergman, because his bravado and naivety seem little more than a polished veneer.

Reception to these caricatures is undoubtedly subjective; we find those exaggerated stereotypes funny which we are most familiar with. So it is inappropriate to criticise any of the cast, for their satirical endeavours may resonate better with another audience member. If you’re a cardigan-wearing, skinny-jeaned Oxford arts student like me though, they quite probably will not.

That said, Dahling You Were Marvellous is far from unentertaining. Cook’s production is slick to the point of seamlessness and many of the characters presented really do find comedic purchase. It is an enjoyable, exhilarating hour of fun-poking, married only by its understandable inconsistency.

Review: Superfood — Don’t Say That

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★☆☆☆☆
One Star

Superfood’s album is as musically unsatisfying as the nutritional benefits of their name sake foodstuffs. Not wasting any words, Don’t Say That really has little holistic benefit to the listener.

The band’s sound appears to be a disappointing mimicry of Peace, an attempt to occupy the same musical niche. But the stronger competitor always succeeds and outcompetes the weaker. Don’t get me wrong, Peace are a pretty good band in their own right. But mimicking the sound of a band who released their last album within the last year is never a good approach. Instead of developing their own sound, Superfood remain musically anaemic, starving themselves of any bands who could improve their sound. Not only this, but the albums cover is quite uncomfortable. The focalisation upon female body, headless and breasts which bear the band’s name is tasteless and reinforces the identity-less band image.

Lets talk about the album’s sound. None of the songs are worth mentioning individually, as the entire album blurs into one. It’s just an inane mass. The album is so innocuous that you can play it in the background and not be hugely offended. Until you listen to the lyrics. “I speak to leaves as I haven’t got any friends.” What does that even mean? Surely the band’s song writer could have thought of something better to speak to? As Ganderton himself sings, “you’re always hungry,” hoping for a good song to come along. But it never comes along. The band would have been better stealing the early demons of Peace and Swim Deep that they produced than attempting to produce their lower quality parodies. I’m sure someone will like their new album, but if they do, their musicial tastes are in need of great refinement.

Review: Old Times

★★★★☆
Four Stars

Jazz music slips warmly from the speakers as we take our seats in front of a rather classically furnished living room: a couple of couches, a dark window to the left, to the right a desk laden with drinks tray and record player, and in the centre, a self-consciously decked coffee table. Exir Kamalabadi’s yellowish lighting is realist and will prove perfectly synced. In a sense, the darkly uterine space of the Burton Taylor Studio could not have been more suited to host Pinter’s claustrophobic chamber piece. The BT’s tiny stage is necessarily either level with or lower than the audience, and this is in keeping with the riddles of voyeurism and exposure they are about to watch unfold between Old Times three protagonists.

The premise seems simple: Kate (Emily Warren) and Deeley (Cassian Bilton) have been married twenty years and are about to receive a visit from one of Kate’s oldest — and only, as it happens — friends, Anna, who lives in Sicily but has travelled to England. But, in true Pinteresque fashion, the plot thickens before Anna (Sophie Ablett) even arrives, and the audience witnesses the interaction between husband and wife, wife and friend, friend and husband, steadily become more and more tortuous, more and more taut.

Admittedly, as the play started, the Warren-Bilton pair lagged just a little behind it at first — but after a slightly chilled beginning, they swiftly settled into the warped rhythm of half-truths and full lies, manipulation and evasion, menace and mockery that pervades the play. By the time Ablett-as-Anna has finished her first burst of speech, all three actors’ work on a form of overstrung naturalism has paid off, and the whole thing is ticking like tightly twisted clockwork.

Well thought-out blocking and attention to body language by director Sabrina Sayeed gives an otherwise difficult piece — no plot to speak of really, nor movement from the living room except Kate’s long bath and return — a certain tempo, a dramatic legibility. When Anna and Deeley perch on one side of the central couch, to sing at Kate sitting folded into herself at the room’s opposite corner, you know where the alliance directs its hostility. And when Anna and Kate let surface their long-dormant but suddenly-awakened intimacy, and begin to circle closer to each other while Deeley drinks angrily by himself, you also know that you are witnessing a new kind of ganging up, which insidiously excludes the husband.

Ultimately, the actors do justice to Pinter’s heavily portentous dialogues. The few stutters do not detract from otherwise finely-absorbed lines, and they get the chemistry between this tense ménage à trois pretty much down. Dealing with a symbolism that can transform humming into bullying, reminiscing into sexual humiliation, and apparent social flattery into stifling eulogy is no easy task, a bit like walking on theatrical eggshells — too much and it seems histrionic, too little and the audience’ll miss it or you’ll sound flat.

Still, the entire team, well cast and quite well directed, rose to the occasion and produced a sincere, relatively tight production, with at times its own perverse pulses of brilliance.

Review: The Trial

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★★★☆☆
Four Stars

It was in Oxford’s premium baguette outlet, Jimbob’s, that I first noticed an advertisement for the operatic adaptation of Franz Kafka’s renowned modernist novella, The Trial. From the moment I set eyes on Music Theatre Wales’s painstakingly Photoshopped advertisement, lovingly blu-tacked up by Jim, or possibly Bob, I had a few doubts. With Kafka’s typical emphasis on linguistic subtleties and simplicity, surely something of this would be lost, with an orchestra’s competing demands on the audience’s attention. But I thought I’d give it a go.

If anyone were to set The Trial to music, however, it would be Philip Glass, who is no stranger to Kafka, having composed the soundtrack to ACT Theatre’s production of In The Penal Colony in 2000.            

The Trial follows the unexplainable predicament of Josef K, a sell-out banking type, who awakes on his 30th birthday, only to be promptly arrested by two unnamed guards, without ever discovering the charge that has been brought against him. What follows is the protagonist’s frustrating and frantic battle with the town’s incomprehensible system of bureaucracy, as well as his adapting to meet the conflicting demands that accompany his newly acquired, yet still unclear, status as criminal. Later told that a ‘genuine acquittal’ is nigh on impossible, Josef seeks help from various court officials, until he finally finds escape in his eventual execution.   

The eight member cast was good, although it felt like they were in it for the music, rather than the action. While the idea of flat characterisation is, perhaps, a success; with the novella itself in mind, perhaps a little more dedication to emotion, particularly in Josef’s case, might have supported the slightly lacking drama. Their singing, however, was particularly noteworthy, most significantly during the moments of ensemble. 

For me, though, the whole thing was not quite Kafka enough. While modern usage of what’s regarded as ‘Kafkaesque’ seems, nowadays, increasingly gimmicky and artificial, the play could, undoubtedly have done with a bit more. Perhaps the use, throughout the production, of an entirely monochromatic set and costume design felt like enough to tick the box, but there was certainly room for more disorientation and more of the bizarre, without it becoming a caricature.

Does The Trial work as an opera? My answer would be no. Glass’s meandering musical backdrop, from the pit at least, was pleasingly suited to the Kafkian aesthetic, with moments of high tension punctuated by pointed, yet subtle enough percussive stabs. On the other hand, the added musical dimension detracts from the novella’s surface level simplicity, which, as is characteristic of Kafka’s works, turns out to be anything but, and obstructs real concentration on the points of linguistic interest, and the significance of that which is left unsaid. Indeed, I spent a fair amount of the production tying to work out what was actually being said, thanks to some of the singing, particularly from the cast’s male members, which was often lacking in clarity.

I’m no artist, and perhaps from a high-brow artistic perspective, The Trial is great; perhaps it’s unfair to consider it alongside its literary source. But, as an unpretentious Kafka reader and Jimbob’s-goer, this production didn’t strike me, move me, and I probably won’t be thinking about it next week. And for Kafka, that’s not good enough.

“Weird” and “unnecessary” club night criticised

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The Bridge nightclub has been asked to respond to complaints from students after it held a club night called “Midget Night Bridge”, in lieu of its weekly ‘Monday Night Bridge’ fixture. Ostensibly an Oxford Brookes night, ‘MNB’ is is popular with many Oxford University students

The event, which took place this Monday, featured two men of short stature engaged in chasing each other around the club and wrestling.

The two men, dressed as Captain America and Superman, also posed for photographs with clubbers, which the club has since posted on its Facebook page.

Jesus fresher Rupert Elston told Cherwell that, before entering the club, “We turned around the corner and saw two smaller people in costumes. We wondered what was going on, and by the time we got to the paying area all of us were saying that it was a bit ‘off-key’.”

He added, “It felt wrong — really weird.”

Once inside the club, Elston described seeing them “running around and chasing each other.” He explained, “Everyone I spoke to about it there was a bit shocked and appalled. It all seemed quite unnecessary — I didn’t see the point in calling it Midget Night Bridge and hiring two people to run around in costumes.”

A second year lawyer who also attended told a similar story, relating, “As we went up the stairs from Anuba we saw two people in sumo costumes wrestling. It was clearly meant to be some kind of entertainment, but we just found it really weird.”

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The event has been criticised by Brookes’ Disability Advisory Service. Spokesperson Susannah Lloyd-Shogbesan told Cherwell, “It is certainly the case that use of the word ‘midget’ to refer to someone with Dwarfism is deemed to be derogatory and could cause offence.” She added that she would be investigating the appropriateness of this kind of billing with the Student Union.

On the Facebook event page before the night had begun, one student commented, “This seems so wrong”, while the Monday Night Bridge Facebook page ‘liked’ another comment which declared, “It only happens one a year!”

The Bridge nightclub has yet to respond to Cherwell’s request for comment.