Wednesday, April 30, 2025
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Decades in Film: the 70s

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Hear the words ‘golden age of cinema’ and your mind would probably turn to icons like Fred and Ginger, Bogie and Bacall, Judy and the Munchkins, before you’d think of Hans and Chewbacca. And yet the Hairy One and Harrison Ford’s sarcastic space-cowboy belong to a decade of cinematic history that heralded a new dawn for Hollywood. It was at this time that the godfathers of today’s cinema, Scorsese, De Niro, Spielberg, and Lucas to name just a few, established themselves with films that were to shape popular culture for years to come.

Teenagers may have been invented in the 50s, but it was only twenty years later that their potential as consumers began to be fully exploited. Lured to the cinema by the gore and suspense of Jaws and Halloween and transfixed by Obi Wan’s light sabre, young audiences flocked to the cinema like never before. The renewed dedication of teenagers to Hollywood’s cause led to film studios recording astronomical profits and the modern day blockbuster was born.

Of course, it’s not only the big budget films that make the 70s a noteworthy period. In the same era that audiences were being transported to galaxies far, far away, cult classics such as Taxi Driver and A Clockwork Orange led their audiences through claustrophobic urban landscapes and shocked with disturbing depictions of alienated youth. For better or worse, the relaxed censorship laws inherited from the late 1960s allowed for films such as Straw Dogs to present their audiences with scenes of extreme violence, the likes of which had never before been seen in mainstream cinema. Indeed, ask your parents for their thoughts on films from the 70s and many of them would probably remember the controversy surrounding issues of ‘decency’ and many directors’ seemingly degrading portrayal of women in their works. Like the teenagers it targeted, cinema emerged from the seventies a far less naïve creature than was before.

On a lighter note, no review of the 70s would be complete without mentioning Woody Allen. With Annie Hall Allen used words, not explosions to break down (fourth) walls and proved that amongst Hollywood’s grit and guts there was still room for films about the complications and impermanence of love.

The seventies might lack the old-fashioned charm and glamour of earlier decades, but the innovations made in filmmaking and the diversification of genre and subject matter prepared much of the ground for film industry as we know it today.

The Dragon in Flight

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It is no surprise that China is seldom out of the headlines these days. Over the past thirty years, it has matched unprecedented economic growth with a major military buildup and ever-closer ties to the developing world, becoming the world’s second-largest economy and largest exporter. It is widely feted as a potential superpower and the first real rival to American power since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991; the accountancy firm PricewaterhouseCoopers expects China to surpass the United States economically by 2030.[1] The Chinese communist government has also grown increasingly territorial, intimidating neighbouring states such as Japan and Vietnam with its trade-war economics and suggestive military exercises.

One often-overlooked aspect of China’s rise is its great focus on science and technology. Though still years behind America and Western Europe, it has been closing the distance rapidly through a mixture of investment and education. 10,000 Chinese received engineering PhDs in 2009, compared to around 8,000 Americans; the Chinese government claims that half a million more receive bachelor’s degrees in science and mathematics every year.[2] This large pool of educated workers has been complemented by enormous state investment in research and development, particularly in renewable energy. In 2010 alone, China spent nearly US$49 billion on green technology research, more than any other country.[3] Chinese firms such as Huawei and Lenovo have become world leaders in computing and mobile communications, markets which were previously the dominion of American and Japanese companies. China has furthermore worried Western nations with its rapid acquisition of new military technologies; its first stealth fighter, the Chengdu J-20, made its maiden flight in January 2011.

However, China’s technological ambitions extend beyond Earth’s atmosphere. Though a relative newcomer to spaceflight (its first astronaut flew in 2003) China’s National Space Administration (CNSA) now operates one of the world’s most active space programs, having conducted 18 successful orbital launches in 2011 alone. China has a far stronger recent launch record than neighbouring Russia: just one Chinese orbital launch failed in 2011, compared to four Russian launches. China is also self-reliant for its manned missions, unlike the Americans, who have been dependent on Russian Soyuz spacecraft to reach the International Space Station (ISS) since the retirement of the Space Shuttle in July 2011.

Additionally, China’s ambitions in orbit are far more concrete than those of its spacefaring rivals. There are no definite plans for the re-use of the ISS and its modules after its retirement in the 2020s; if such an agreement cannot be made, America, Russia, Japan and the European Union will then be left without a working space station. China, however, intends to have at least one large laboratory outpost in orbit by 2022, and even launched its first space station module, Tiangong-1, in September 2011. Shortly after, China successfully conducted an autonomous orbital docking – a vital support capability for any long-term orbital station – and will dispatch at least one human crew to Tiangong-1 in 2012.[4] Tiangong-1 itself is expected to be the basis for a future class of robotic resupply spacecraft, similar to the Russian Progress spacecraft. In December 2011, China launched the tenth satellite of its Beidou positioning constellation, opening up a lucrative domestic market for location-based services and granting it increasing independence from the ageing American GPS network.[5]

Nor does China intend to ignore more distant real estate. Its Chang’e 1 and 2 lunar satellites, launched in 2007 and 2010 respectively, have generated one of the most detailed 3D maps of the Moon, and will be followed in 2013 by the Chang’e 3 lunar rover. Sample-return missions are planned for later in the decade, and China plans to land astronauts on the Moon by 2025 – a significant ambition, seeing as the United States, its most powerful rival, abandoned its plans for manned lunar exploration in 2010. China has also set its sights on Mars: its first Martian satellite, Yinghuo-1, was launched in November 2011, although it was lost when its mated Russian spacecraft, Phobos-Grunt, malfunctioned after launch. It is doubtful that China will be discouraged by this mishap.

Of course, China’s rapid investment in the space sector has led to concerns being voiced in the West over the potential military applications of such technologies. The Beidou network is widely feared to be a dual-use system, providing both commercial location services and guidance for China’s cruise missiles, which are aimed in great numbers at Taiwan. China is also one of only three nations to successfully develop anti-satellite (satellite-destroying) missiles; in 2007, it destroyed a weather satellite with a kinetic missile, sparking denunciations from the United States and other nations. If China continues to develop its orbital presence, it may gain a major strategic advantage over regional rivals such as Taiwan and Japan – and possibly even the Western powers.

Is the Chinese domination of space a plausible scenario for the 21st century? Perhaps not. Technologically, it is still playing catch-up with the United States, and will continue to do so for at least a decade. It is worth remembering, after all, that NASA developed space stations and conducted a moon landing over 40 years ago, while China is only now reaching a comparable level of advancement. The Beidou network is still under development, and will not be globally operational until 2020. Even if the ISS is retired without a successor at the end of this decade, it will still have provided over two decades of orbital research and invaluable manned spaceflight experience – something Chinese astronauts will struggle to match until the Tiangong program reaches fruition in the 2020s. And while China’s lunar ambitions are impressive, it has yet made few ventures into the wider solar system, while American, Russian and European probes and space telescopes have dominated space science for nearly half a century.

Nonetheless, China is advancing more rapidly in the field of spaceflight than any other nation, and benefits from a reliable and independent manned launch capability. The United States, by contrast, will lack the ability to launch its own astronauts without Russian or commercial help until its planned Space Launch System enters service around 2016. No other nation has a lunar exploration program as well-planned as China’s, and it is also the only country with a demonstrably functional independent space station project. It is also worth noting the economic and technical constraints suffered by China’s rivals: NASA faces major budget cuts and Russia’s Roscosmos has been plagued by launch failures, while the CNSA enjoys steady state funding. As China’s economic rise continues, the demand from domestic and foreign firms for its satellites will further spur development. Moreover, the Chinese government may – as its American counterpart has recently done – encourage the development of private manned spaceflight companies. This will drive down launch costs and open up lucrative new markets such as space tourism and microgravity manufacturing (production of goods for space-related purposes). Whether the 21st Century will be a “Chinese century” remains uncertain, but it is highly probable that China will play a leading, if not dominant, role in orbit and beyond.

Check out wwww.bangscience.org for more articles, as well as events and past issues of Bang!

[1] BBC News Online, “China ‘to overtake US and dominate trade by 2030′”, 24 March 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011.

[2] CNN.com, “Desperately seeking math and science majors”, 29 July 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2011.

[3] People’s Daily Online, “China tops world’s renewable energy investment: study”, 6 July 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011.

[4] ChinaDaily.com, “China tests 1st space station module for 2011 launch”, 17 August 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2012.

[5] Christian Science Monitor, “Great Leap Forward for China’s military? China gets GPS”, 28 December 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2011.

Science for Every Tom, Dick and Einstein

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At some point in the last decade, science became an awful lot cooler. Perhaps this is wishful thinking on my part, or the result of a perspective warped by the Oxford bubble, but I really am quite convinced. This change in attitude is most likely due to the vastly improved accessibility of scientific information and I believe this has, and will continue to have a positive effect on science in Britain. A survey at the recent ‘Bang Goes the Theory’ festival found that many parents were struggling to answer their children’s questions. Parents speculated that this was due to the easy access of information, particularly through websites, blogs and inspiring documentaries, not to mention the plethora of exciting scientific apps available on tablets and smartphones. But how can the science community build on this infrastructure? How can we ensure that this love of pop-science translates into a generation of budding Einsteins? Or perhaps it could help increase the base scientific knowledge of the country.

What is it that is drawing people in? This is a fairly easy one to answer; the public are being shown the prettier side of science, in a non-threatening, comfortable environment. They are able to engage in the topic, but are also free to take it at their own pace, perhaps skimming over areas which are too challenging. There is no fear of failure in watching a documentary or reading an article online. It appeals to every level, whether you simply take away the fact that ‘there are planets and stars and they are really pretty’ or whether you are a step ahead of the program, actively trying to predict the next disclosure. Brian Cox rarely sets exams.

Perhaps we should consider where this interest can be exploited and built upon. The obvious places are schools and museums, by linking these environments to the pop culture that sparked initial interest. As much as I love the London Science Museum and would highly recommend it to all, I sometimes worry that it is lacking in a certain ‘je ne sais quoi’ (especially when compared to American equivalents). The floor of miniature wooden ships is a collection that will surely interest some, but is not necessarily inspiring to the general public. Perhaps such collections could be incorporated into a more relevant display. The ‘history of computing’ gallery, for example, could be improved by combining the excellent historical collections they currently house with information and hands on activities relating to modern technology. Perhaps also more collaboration with the institutions responsible for this recent surge in scientific interest could help to engage the public further. For instance, linking apps with displays in the museum, or having guest voice overs from popular documentary producers.

In schools there are already many fantastic programmes that aim to bring relevant science, which is often beyond the schools’ resources, into classrooms for free. These programmes are brilliant, but building them into the infrastructure of our formal science education would finally bring the ‘no child left behind’ policy into fruition. It would, of course, be wrong to drop the rigorous skills of science and maths and focus only on the more glamorous aspects of planets and exploding caravans. However, if more students can become engaged through putting the difficult and sometimes boring aspects of the curriculum into a wider and more relevant context, then it could prevent some students with great potential from falling off the radar. And those students who lack the necessary natural talents to progress onto further education will be able to appreciate the relevance of science when they leave.

It seems that in order to simultaneously harness the bright scientific brains of the future and bring up the average understanding of science we need to smooth the learning curve. But who can make these changes? A select few choose how to run the education system and national museums. However, as a science student there are a whole range of ways to individually fuel these recent improvements. From running workshops at schools and science festivals to starting your own pop-science venture, or simply taking the time to explain what you do to a keen friend. Everyone involved in science can help bring science to every Tom, Dick and Harry, and perhaps uncover some budding Einsteins in the process.

Check out wwww.bangscience.org for more articles , as well as events, and past issues of Bang!

Bolt: Catch him if you can

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Although many of the current readership may be too young to remember the event, my first memories of athletics come from the Atlanta Olympics in 1996. I was mesmerised particularly by the actions of one Michael Johnson as he stunned the world with his 200m performance, streaking away from the pack to beat his previous World Record and finish in 19.32s, a time that, according to some commentators, would never be beaten.

While this was going on, a certain Usain St. Leo Bolt was taking his first steps on the tartan of his local track. Asked how this came to be, he told me, “My cricket coach at school thought I was fast and suggested I take up track and field, the rest is history.” Michael Johnson was an inspiration for him too, as he was “dominant in the 200 and 400 metres at the time”, but unlike every other fan, this was the man who would eventually surpass his idol.

Indeed, that moment sits a lot more vividly in the memory. Before the Beijing Olympics in 2008 there was already a buzz; Usain had broken the World 100m record in New York in May and was also the world leader in the 200m, but the world wasn’t quite ready for what happened next. In a frankly ridiculous week, Bolt broke the 100m and 200m World Records and ran the third leg in the Jamaican relay team that beat the 4x100m record. Quite simply the world of athletics was changed forever. Commentators were aghast at how he could showboat his way to victory, famously pumping his chest and pulling up while still running faster than anyone ever had before. They didn’t know what to think about this ‘freak’, at six foot five much taller than the traditional sprinter but blessed with a natural grace and speed of turnover never seen before. As Michael Johnson said, “he doesn’t run with style. He doesn’t need to.” He was just a man built by nature to run fast.

And then, barely a year later, he did it all again in Berlin, breaking both his individual records, the 200m victory in particular being “the best race I’ve ever run. It is always exciting to break my own record and it felt good.”

For someone to appear so suddenly there were obviously doubts as to his legitimacy as an athlete and the dreaded spectre of doping was raised time and again in the press. But although the rise was mercurial, Bolt had pedigree, and those in the know were less surprised by his success. He became World Junior (Under 20) Champion at the age of just 15 in 2002, following that up with the World Under 18 title a year later before becoming the first teenager to dip under the 20 second barrier for 200m. Indeed, the Berlin final was actually his third appearance in a World Championship final, following a silver in 2007 and an injury-afflicted last place in 2005. There had been deflated periods: injuries, a car accident and his famed relaxed attitude to competing and training taking their toll, but this was definitely a man who had been earmarked for greatness.

On the subject of his many successes, Bolt told me he valued titles more than records, saying, “I am always happy to win, but the records are a bonus. World Championship medals are special but the Olympic medals have a special sophistication to them.” He also appreciates the opportunities his fame gives him, as “I am able to meet almost anyone I want and I get to go to great locations across the world.”

Although the 100m is the marquee event, it is not his first choice. “I love the 200 metres and it has been my favourite event for a long time,” he told me, although ironically that would appear to be where the greatest dangers to his success lie. Yohan Blake, his training partner, ran the second fastest time ever near the end of the 2011 season, while seemingly at a canter (although that is often the case with the greatest of sprinters, as evidenced by Bolt’s languid style). On feeling the pressure of rival athletes, he tells me, “I take all my competitors seriously and it doesn’t matter whether they are from my country or not,” adding “it is a good thing for Jamaica to be able to have some of the top sprinters in the world.”

Looking to the future, the most pressing event on the horizon is the London Olympics, where Bolt is “aiming to successfully defend my titles and become a legend in the sport”. If he were to achieve this aim, the legendary status, if it were ever in doubt, would be guaranteed. He would become the first man to retain the Olympic 200m and only the second after Carl Lewis to retain the 100m, both made a lot tougher by the emergence of the aforementioned Blake, but by no means out of the question.

Beyond that, there are many choices and challenges ahead. Come 2013, the World Athletics Championships heads to Moscow, where he will be aiming to eradicate all memories of his false start in the final last year, the one blemish on his CV, as well as becoming the first man to claim a hat-trick of 200m titles, something not even Johnson could manage. Then there are other events: his PB over 400m would have had him as best in Britain last year, and he could doubtless go faster with dedicated training, while world long jump record holder Mike Powell has earmarked him as someone who could go over the almost mythical nine metre barrier. For a man so prodigiously physically gifted, every discipline almost seems like just another excuse to embarrass the competition.

And in terms of post-track career? “There are some things that are already in train. I have a book out (My Story: 9.58), I own a restaurant and there are some other plans in place.” Asked how tempting a bit of study at Oxford sounds, potentially after his retirement as a professional athlete, says, “the study sounds like fun”, which suggests to me that he probably hasn’t quite understood what it would entail. Perhaps OUAC will have to rely on someone a little slower to anchor future Varsity relay teams.

With regard to other sports, he tells me that he watches football and cricket. “I did play some cricket and I play for fun, when I have the opportunity,” he explains.

Indeed, in a way, Bolt and other Caribbean sprint superstars are filling the void left by the previous generation of West Indian cricketing greats. Asafa Powell, Blake and Bolt inspire the younger generation in the way Viv Richards and Brian Lara used to (his younger brother Sadiki is in fact an aspiring cricketer, although not a fast bowler). Interestingly, when asked for a sportsman or woman he admires, he offers the fairly niche answer of “Ruud van Nistelrooy”. If anyone would care to read more into that and get back to me, they are most welcome.

Finally, I ask for advice for others who want to be like him, or even achieve a tenth of what he has been able to. Given that this is a man who adorns billboards worldwide (currently sporting a natty blonde Branson beard for one campaign) and who has twice been awarded Laureus Sportsman of the Year, his answer is refreshingly down to earth: “Work hard, dedicate yourself to give your best at all times and enjoy what you do. The results will always be in your favour.” It may not come as easily to the rest of us, but you can’t argue with that maxim.

Pretty Fly for a Muggle Guy

Matilda

A sadly-obsessed Harry Potter fan since the age of six, I had high expectations for Muggle Quidditch and nursed a hope that it would be everything I had ever dreamed. A small part of me fantasized that I’d be nimbly sailing through the skies like Oliver Wood on a Nimbus 2000. I had heard rumours that the sport had, inevitably, been adopted by Oxford and was fascinated to see what it would actually entail. How could a game that relied so heavily on the possibility that children as young as 11 could fly around on pieces of wood in the air pelting each other with dangerous bludgers work in the real world?

Arriving at University Parks to the fourth meeting of the Oxford Quidditch society and excited to be the Angelina Johnson of Oxford, I could see that it wasn’t exactly as I’d pictured it. To replicate the Quidditch experience on land, players must run around a small pitch with a ‘broomstick’ (usually a mop) wedged between their legs at all times, an entirely redundant practice that seems to just get in the way of any smooth athletic manoeuvrings. I was put into Ravenclaw team and assigned the role of the keeper, and Will a Hufflepuff chaser. I was feeling confident: Hufflepuff are traditionally known more for being “really nice” than their mean Quidditch prowess. I had a chance of victory and finally making my name in the Quidditch world.
The rules were thus: the ‘quaffle’ and two ‘bludgers’ are placed in the middle of the field. The chasers try to score by throwing the quaffle into one of three goal hoops. Each goal is worth 10 points. Beaters try to ‘peg’ players with their bludger. If a player is ‘pegged’, they have to stop what they’re doing and pay a penalty: run back to the goal post or sit down. Keepers guard the goal posts at each end and attempt to block chasers’ attempts at scoring. Seekers try to tackle the snitch (a player dressed in yellow running around the pitch) by grabbing a sock attached to their trackies. When the snitch is ‘caught’, the game ends.

I quickly came to realize that being a Quidditch ‘keeper’ wasn’t exactly my calling. I let in about three goals in the first twenty minutes and there was a bitter consensus among my teammates that I wasn’t taking Muggle Quidditch seriously enough. Soon the score was heavily in Hufflepuff’s favour: 80 points to our pitiful 30. Eventually, the “Snitch” was released into the game. The boy dressed in yellow ran valiantly and was, eventually, caught by the Hufflepuff seeker. The game was over. The score? 180 to 30. My Quidditch career, it seemed, was over, and wouldn’t even qualify for a sentence on my future Wikipedia page.

I was wrong not to take the sport seriously though. Quidditch is a growing phenomenon. The first intercollegiate Quidditch World Cup was held in 2007 at Middlebury College in Vermont. In 2011, the Quidditch World Cup was held in New York City. Described by Fox News as like ‘a cross between the Superbowl and a Medieval Festival’, TIME Magazine put it best in their coverage of the 2010 World Cup: ‘Quidditch is a sport striving for legitimacy. It has a rule book, a governing body (the International Quidditch Association, a nonprofit) and its own live streaming webcasts. Its players move with the grace and ferocity of top athletes; the best of them look like lacrosse players and hit like linebackers. All told, 46 teams from the U.S. and Canada vie for the Cup, and hundreds more franchises are just getting started. For a five-year-old sport, it’s a remarkable ascension.’

‘Leave the book at home, this sport is real,’ confidently proclaims the website. Yet, as a sport in its own right, I’m not so sure. Without knowledge of Harry Potter and the ingenious world JK Rowling created, I’m not certain the game would exist successfully. But as a way to escape our early adulthood and Oxford life, Muggle Quidditch is wizard. I’d recommend it to anyone as the perfect way to meet like-minded people, indulge nostalgia, and grow up on your own terms.

Will

Quidditch is the newest sport on the block, and I fancied my chances at it. I knew that Matilda just did not have what it took for our game of Muggle Quidditch. My eye for the snitch, my instinctive rapport with the broom, my canny awareness when it came to knowing the position of the beaters would edge it over her self-imposed decision to be a keeper (a somewhat cowardly position of course). I was Hufflepuff (surely the sporty house) and felt reassured as we screamed the name into the air before both teams charged at each other.

Quidditch is serious; it’s violent. As you run down the pitch  broomed men are chasing after you, hunting you eagerly with their quaffles. A quaffle to the head is not unusual and a fall off the broomstick brutal (if only for the chaser’s bruised dignity). The chasers are as vigorous in their tackling as the finest rugby blue; they have eyes only for the quaffle and want it there and then. A lean, mean Quidditch veteran explains it to me: ‘People think Quidditch is geeky. But they change their minds when they see it is fucking violent’. I worry about what I have got myself in for, while resenting Matilda keenly for the cop-out of keeper status.

Quidditch has already had as many controversies as some of the longest established sports in the University. The Harry Potter Society had tried to rein in and control Quidditch Society, their younger offshoot. They thought control should rest with the Harry Potterites, and that the Quiddites were too liberal in their understanding of the rules. The idea of a quarter blue being awarded in the first Varsity match this coming year is sure to upset some people. It seems any sport, no matter how magical, is always dragged into scandal.

On the Quidditch pitch I take a while to get to grips with the game. The beaters seem to be very content to mutually bludgeon themselves to destruction, while the chasers continue with the game. This functions like a game of rugby but without the brutality (despite what I had been warned). Boys and girls play together in a harmonious game of running to each end of the pitch. Serious competition is absent and there is the chance of playing sport together in a quaint and amusing way. There is also a lot of laughter and the ever-present Harry Potter jokes (if only we had our wands, I need a firewhiskey, S.O.S. Mudbloodism).

Yet my competitive side had come out in full. Matilda had been a confused keeper; she conceded easy goals and seemed ill at ease on the broom. My own team keeper loudly heckled her: ‘What is that keep DOING?’ she bellowed. But my own play had been ineffectual. I had been bludgeoned and had a pass intercepted. I needed to step up my game.

Flying to the side of the pitch I screamed for the quaffle. I caught it one handed keeping my broom snugly in place and then sprinted up the side of the pitch. I dodged and darted niftily between attempts from enemy beaters and the crowd and team roared me on. As I approached the goal it was just me against the keeper and the three hoops attached to the tree. I sidestepped the keeper, I was one on one, but at the very last moment my throw faltered and the ball missed the hoop. There was a collective groan from all of Hufflepuff, I was belatedly bludgeoned, and I trod back to my side in shame and disgrace. I had failed myself, I had been worse than Matilda, and even worse than all that, I had let Hufflepuff down. If it had not been for the snitch being caught, Hufflepuff might not have won so resoundingly.

Despite my poor performance, Quidditch perfectly fills the niche of enjoyable and amusing sport that is not (too) serious. I laughed more than is perhaps healthy for such high octane sport. It is a shoo-in (broom joke). Quidditch happens every Saturday in the University Parks at 12. Brooms are provided and a good time is guaranteed.

Time to embrace the F-word

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­Do we still need a feminist movement? Haven’t women come a long way, and wouldn’t it be dangerous or somehow unnatural to go any further? Kat Banyard, founder of activist movement UK Feminista, has been labelled the UK’s most influential young feminist, and her acclaimed book The Equality Illusion, which challenges head on the idea that British society is now gender equal, makes worrying, yet totally inspiring reading.

There’s been a lot of media coverage recently of the sort of issues that feminists like Banyard make their business. Few will have missed the UniLad scandal, where the shutting down of the website, if only temporarily, caused controversy and gave an important indication of an answer to the question of whether there is any place at all in our society for casual, jokey sexism. The Leveson Inquiry heard from feminist campaigners about the damage done by women’s objectification in the media. Debate goes on about the lack of women in parliaments worldwide, yet it’s people like Banyard who are providing the impetus for actual change, and pressing others to believe it can and should be made.

But aren’t we doing pretty well, considering? Banyard disagrees. ‘If you actually start to pick away the surface of what we see as normal, you see that there are vast inequalities still coursing through the veins of society. They manifest themselves in every aspect of our lives, in the home, in the workplace: fundamentals such as being able to take part in public life on an equal footing are still very distant dreams.’ Victories of the past, Banyard argues passionately, are still being translated into reality: ‘We’re still paid significantly less, we’re still outnumbered 4:1 in Parliament, there are still horrendous rates of violence against women, 100,000 women are raped every year just in the UK. So clearly we’ve got an awfully long way to go, but also we must remain vigilant to new threats, new forms of sexism.’

Banyard’s prime example of a rising obstacle to gender equality is the multibillion dollar global sex industry. ‘This is a very modern industry, whereby pornography and prostitution are taking place on a scale unprecedented in human history. For the first time a generation of young boys are basically being brought up on hard-core porn.’ But hasn’t prostitution always been around? ‘It’s very convenient to dismiss it as the world’s oldest profession, but exploitation is unfortunately a very old aspect of society, and that doesn’t make it inevitable or right. Also, commercial sexual exploitation is taking place on a mass industrial scale, and that is new.’
She cites developments in communication technology which make it easier to access and disseminate pornography as reasons for this. ‘Pornography actually holds up a mirror to something quite dark going on in our society, because the pornographic world is horrendously misogynistic and violent and brutal. And pornography is now a major form of misogynistic propaganda, because it tells lies about women to a lot of young boys who are forming their ideas about sex and girls. Not only are vast numbers of vulnerable women being funnelled through this industry, but the pornographers are also trying to steal and co-opt men’s sexuality for their own profit.’ Banyard describes pornography and prostitution vehemently as ‘the ultimate coming together of patriarchy and capitalism’.

In response to the suggestion that watching pornography can be liberating for women expressing their sexuality too, Banyard is hard-lined. ‘What we’ve got to be clear about is that the vast majority of pornography is filmed prostitution. What we know about the very fundamental concept of prostitution is that it is inherently dangerous for the women who are taking part in it. 68% of women in prostitution have post traumatic stress disorder as a result of having repeated, unwanted sex. In order to endure this women are having to find strategies to separate mind from body, and you see women on a mass scale self-medicating to get through it.’ Banyard is at pains to stress that she is not prudish or anti-sex, as feminists are accused so often of being: ‘What the industry has been very adept at doing is co-opting the language of sexual liberation and making consumers think they’re really socking it to the anti-sex conservatives. On the contrary.’

So is there anything we can do about it? I ask what she thinks of the Nordic model, which makes it illegal to pay for sex acts but decriminalises the act of selling sex. For Banyard this is ‘an amazing example of feminist lawmaking. Prostitution is seen as inevitable, but feminists in Sweden and various other countries have shown that the sex industry is not infallible. It makes you recognise it for what it is: violence against women, and they’ve seen significant drops in demand for prostitution and reduction in trafficking. It’s exactly what we should be doing here.’
We turn to the hot topic of media portrayals of women, and Banyard is firm that ‘the sex industry has played an absolutely paramount role in media sexism generally. As it ballooned in the 1990s and 2000s, it completely shifted the mainstream and the porn aesthetic suddenly started to appear on billboards, in magazines, in people’s beauty regimes. Now the objectification of women is utterly rampant as a visual backdrop to everyday life, and we know from extensive evidence that this has real, harmful effects. It makes girls see themselves as objects, which leads to lessening self esteem, body image issues and other problems, and it encourages boys and men to see women as sexual objects and treat them that way.’

She describes UniLad as ‘an example of casual sexism that’s still flourishing. These massive rates of rape and violence against women don’t come from nowhere. It doesn’t stem from individual pathologies alone or a random crazed faceless man jumping out from bushes. Something is creating a conducive context for this violence. Rapists are made not born, and it’s exactly this sort of rape tolerant attitude that helps create this environment.’
I ask about the Sun’s recent anti-rape campaign, which has attracted a feminist backlash by being focused on the paper’s ‘women’s pages’, alongside make-up tips and celebrity gossip. ‘We need to face up to the reality of what’s going on here.  Victim blaming is endemic and it’s got to stop. It’s not women who need to change their behaviour. In order to stop rape we need to fundamentally change what it is to be a man in this society, and we can’t do that by putting an ad on women’s pages.’ The need to admit the reality of violence against women is a powerful mantra running throughout Banyard’s discussion, and it certainly makes for uncomfortable hearing in a world in which casual sexism is indeed rife.

During our discussion of rape I wonder if Banyard is beginning to fall into the trap of man-bashing, but she assures me this is a feminist stereotype to be avoided at all costs. ‘Feminism helps men, it sees the best in men. The real misandrists are the biological determinists who say that aggression and violence are natural in men. They’re not. And for me it’s crucial for progress that men get actively engaged in feminism. We’re talking about reshaping what it means to be a man and that can’t be done if men aren’t part of the conversation. More men than ever are signing up to the ethical imperative, saying equality is right and fair, but they don’t think it’s got much to do with them. We need to do away with the bystander problem among men.’

We turn to the problem of why, if women aren’t inherently inferior to men, are they still so underrepresented in public life? ‘It’s the nature of how Parliament is organised. The Houses of Parliament is a workplace, and yet women still do the bulk of caring in the UK, and that’s very difficult to combine with a life in Parliament because of the extremely long working hours and various demands. But the practicalities of that can be changed.

‘Women shouldn’t have to choose between a career and having children. At the moment they’re paying a significant penalty for being the ones who do the bulk of the caring and for having children – 30,000 women are sacked each year for being pregnant. Now this is a choice we have to make as a society: do we want to create a workplace that enables people to combine those caring roles, where we value women’s unpaid caring role and the role of bringing up the next generation of citizens, or not?

‘In countries that have raised paternity leave or shared parental leave, you do see dads playing a much greater role in the upbringing of children. We need much greater workplace flexibility. Many businesses do offer flexible working but it’s seen as the mummy track, what you do if you’re a woman and not really serious. It’s still the stigmatised option, which is why you don’t see many men taking it or asking for it on any significant scale. And the culture and expectation perpetuated by firms that if you do take flexible working hours you’re not as committed to your job needs to change.’

It’s a seemingly bleak picture. But Banyard remains optimistic and her final message is inspiring. ‘We are the lucky benefactors of the struggles of feminists throughout the centuries. But the job isn’t finished yet and it’s up to us to take action. Change doesn’t happen by itself. It requires people to stand up and be counted, and it’s now our opportunity to do that.’

Visit www.ukfeminista.org.uk to find out more.

Students struggling with maths nationally

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A recent report has brought to light that several Universities are dropping maths from degree courses because students cannot cope with it. Universities are being forced to cut back on the level of maths in courses, including psychology, economics and sciences, because students are unable to tackle complex mathematical problems.

Elspeth Garman, Professor of Biochemistry at Oxford University, told Cherwell that she is very aware of these problems, commenting, ‘Although we have not compromised on the level of Mathematics we deliver in our Biochemistry Course, I know that many other Universities have.’ She considers mathematical competence vital if students are going to be able to do quantitative science at a higher level.

Vicky To, a first year chemist agreed, ‘Although it might seem strange at first that a scientist would have to do what is essentially degree-level maths at points, I would find it more disturbing to encounter a practising chemist who had no understanding of maths beyond A level. For a grasp of many of the aspects of a science subject you have to be mathematically competent.’

Branwen Brockley, a biochemist from St Anne’s, shares this opinion, ‘Maths is so important in science, for proving theories and getting data.’ 

Brockley struggled with maths at the start of her course, stating, ‘I was quite shocked when I first arrived as I had not expected the course to be so maths based. I had only done maths to GCSE, meaning that  there was a massive gap between what I had learned at school at what I was taught during my lectures. They go through it so quickly, what we covered in one of our lectures my friend had spent a term doing at A level. In my maths lectures they tend to only recap the information, rather than actually teaching it. For Biochemistry they said it would be useful to have A level maths, I would say it is essential.’

Caspar Eliot, a second year mathematician at New College, commented that students who do not have A level maths can struggle, ‘Before an A level in maths became a prerequisite for PPE, some of the students would have real difficulty with economics because they just did not understand the maths involved.’

Valentin Sulzer,  a first year mathematician, noted that there is a lot of support available to students, ‘A maths or science course taught at Oxford is a lot more accompanied than at other universities. We don’t just have lectures, but attend tutes where we can ask all our questions.’ Branwen too is pleased with the help which is offered. She now receives extra tutoring for maths which is helping.

Professor Garman stated that the maths on the biochemistry course is considered particularly ‘hard-core,’ however she is convinced that any student who has been accepted on the course is up to the challenge of covering over half of A2 maths in 8 weeks. She commented, ‘Our course is harder work than most students expect, however it is often simply the case of building confidence in the student and helping them to believe that they can manage it.’

According to the report, which is entitled ‘Solving the maths problem’, the reputation of the country’s universities and graduates is now under threat. It states, ‘English universities are not keeping pace with international standards. Mathematics knowledge and qualifications are increasingly important gateways to further and higher education, for crucial life-skills and in order to respond to economic change. But the way it is taught and assessed in England has not always kept pace with these changes or with the needs of learners and has left one in four adults functionally innumerate.’

Xin Fan, a first year economist, responded to this, “This is a step in the wrong direction for Britain. We need to be moulding numerically sharp graduates to compete with the cohorts of proficient mathematicians and scientists coming out of the emerging Asian economies.’

Cup runneth half-empty

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Ah, the romance of the cup, palpable in the air. The clichés are right there to be picked ripe from the tree: plucky underdogs and Davids and Goliaths. This year’s rugby Cuppers however doesn’t seem to be following the script. Snow and frost have hit all college sports hard this term, with a spate of cancelled games across the gamut from hockey to rugby; thus, the wipe-out of the first round of cuppers rugby left OURFC in a bind.

The captains were offered two solutions, either playing the first two rounds in fifth week or subcontracting the deciding of the first round games to a mysterious ‘pooling committee’ (ignoring the precedent of two years ago where everything was simply pushed back a week, with the final being played at the start of Trinity). The powers-that-be plumped for the second option, and thus thirteen sides found themselves knocked out of the cup without having played a minute’s rugby.

Hardly satisfactory and a quite bizarre way to settle games – quite what the point of early rounds are if giant-killing opportunities are going to be smoothed over I’m not sure. The only comparable example that comes to mind is Texas high school football (cf. Friday Night Lights) where a coin toss is sometimes used to decide things, but at least there the odds are equal.

As a problem for the tournament it is compounded by the trend of strongish sides forfeiting early Cuppers games to get a crack at some silverware in the weaker Plate and Bowl competitions (four out of eight second round Cuppers games this week saw forfeits). This means that this year the true minnows have been booted out of Cuppers without a game to find themselves up against opposition several gears too talented for them in the supposedly secondary competition. Something for Jackdaw Lane to think about, perhaps.

 

For the Love of Film

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To combat those 5th week blues this weekend why not take a trip to the cinema? Matt Isard recommends going to see both The Woman in Black and Shame! 

Mosquito populations discovered in UK

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An Oxford doctoral student in Biological Sciences, Nick Golding, has recently rediscovered a species of mosquito not seen in Britain since the 1940s.

Culex modestus is found throughout the continent and as far away as Russia, and can carry the potentially lethal Western Nile Virus.

The results of collaborative nationwide study between the Oxfordshire based Centre for Ecology and Hydrology and the Health Protection agency yielded the unexpected discovery of established populations of the mosquito in marshes in Kent and South Essex.

Golding stated, “It’s unclear how long culex modestus has been breeding in the UK” but added, “It’s something to watch.” Its manner of migration is unknown, but other mosquitoes have been known to spread through international shipping.

The mosquito can transmit the Western Nile virus between birds and humans, and is thought to be responsible for other forms of disease. It does so by biting an infected bird, and then biting a human, acting as a ‘vector.’ The virus is not thought to be present in the UK at the moment, but it has caused almost one hundred deaths in various epidemics in southern Europe. An outbreak in the United States starting in 1999 has also caused more than one thousand deaths. Symptoms in serious cases include severe headaches, high fever and paralysis.

The team are now using satellite imaging to identify potential breeding habitats, before collecting specimens. Golding’s doctoral supervisor, Doctor Miles Nunn commented that the discovery “highlights the importance of expert long-term biological recording of UK wildlife by the scientific community.” The CEH maintain that Golding’s continued research into this insect and its habitats will prove invaluable for policy making and risk evaluation.

J.J. Castle, an Oxford medical student added, “The media often present research at Oxford as superfluous, but this discovery shows how scientific studies at Oxford can serve a useful purpose.”