Thursday, May 15, 2025
Blog Page 483

Katya’s grocery haul left-overs

Katya Alban
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Katya’s grocery haul left-overs

Before being unexpectedly evicted from St. John’s College, I did a big Tesco shop and got a whole load of incredible items in the reduced section – hence the honey roasted salmon flakes. The next source of inspiration came from a friend’s love of cardamom which has now transferred onto me. It has added depth to my cooking and I recommend it in pretty much any recipe. After arriving home and perusing the kitchen I stumbled upon several long forgotten condiments, such as the chilli chutney included below. This recipe is the result of my attempt to make a creative dish with the ingredients I found at home. 

Katy’s grocery haul left-overs: Honey roasted salmon flakes in mixed-bean Asian smoky-sweet spiced vegetable stew with walnuts   

Serves 4

*measurements are not 100% exact as I tend to eyeball ingredients, so adjust to your taste. 

Ingredients: 

 2 packs of Tesco honey roasted salmon 

1 can mixed beans

½ can tomatoes 

⅓ cup capers to taste (these give the dish a great salty undertone)

Garlic cloves x3 to taste

1 cup of chopped walnuts (add at the end)

 ½ bag of spinach (a big bag – this wilts down a lot) 

1 courgette 

1 aubergine 

4 small red onions 

1 tbsp vegetable oil 

Spices/ condiments:

3 tbsp nutritional yeast (adds cheesy flavour and packed full of vitamins) 

1-2 tbsp sweet soy sauce to taste

Pinch of salt 

1 tbsp smoked paprika

Black pepper to taste

½ vegetable stock cube 

2 tbsp spicy chilli chutney 

3-4 cardamom pods

 Method:

1.  Peel and cut the onions, finely dice the garlic, cut up the aubergine or courgette into medium-sized chunks.

2.  Add some oil to a pan and add the onion and garlic. Fry until somewhat transparent slightly browned. (Cook for longer if you want it caramelized.) 

3.  Add courgette, aubergine and the dry spices (stock cube, paprika, pepper to taste, and cardamon pods).

4.  Cook for 10-15min, continuously stirring, or until soft and cooked through. 

5. Add ½ can of tomatoes once the vegetables are soft or even charring slightly, then start gradually adding handfuls of spinach, allowing it to wilt down.

6. Add the soy sauce, spicy chili chutney and cook for another 5-10 minutes. Adjust spices according to taste (I added more paprika at this point.) 

7. Add the nutritional yeast and serve! 

Is the coronavirus killing culture?

Emily Capon
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Is the coronavirus killing culture?

It feels like the end of days. Glastonbury and Eurovision have both been cancelled, and theatres, cinemas and galleries are closing their doors to the public for the foreseeable future. Arts events predicated on the very idea of a mass public gathering, like festivals and concerts, are scheduled no longer to take place. Cultural enrichment, for the time being, has had to be confined to the virtual. 

We take continual access to these cultural landmarks for granted, not truly feeling their value until they have been plucked, in one fell swoop, from our (freshly washed) hands. But how will this affect our relationship with the Arts that can usually be found humming gently beneath the hubbub of everyday life? Will they be greeted with open arms on their return, or will the return be gradual, as we settle into our new normal?

The virus continues to cause havoc across all areas of the arts; music, film, fashion, and theatre have all succumbed to the tyrannical new reign of COVID-19. But coronavirus is by no means the first instance of the Arts having to be sacrificed for global public health. Towards the end of the sixteenth century, theatres in London were closed in an effort to halt, or at least curb, the spread of the plague. These new restrictions forced players to abandon theatres altogether, or return to itinerant acting–setting out on the road and stopping to perform in towns. Shakespeare appeared in print for the first time in his career, when his poem Venus and Adonis was published. He also took this royally-enforced lull as an opportunity to compose The Rape of Lucrece, another seminal poem in his oeuvre.

So we have a historical precedent for this kind of thing. Unsurprisingly, though, in a world with such an effusive culture of entertainment, and perpetual distraction, the pandemic has sent culture as we know it almost entirely into meltdown. Patti Lupone, lamenting its closure, called Broadway in New York ‘the heartbeat of the city’, a sentiment that rings true across the broad spectrum of the cultural casualties. Cultural events in our collective social calendar provide landmarks upon which we pin plans, excitement, expectation. It’s only when these events are cancelled, and we’re thrown into a working-from-home, what’s-stopping-me-staying-in-pyjamas-all-day sort of abyss, that we yearn for that sense of looking ahead to something on the horizon. 

The sense of uncertainty that lingers around the virus is, for many, one of the hardest aspects to endure. For these cultural milestones, at least, it has forced them to close ‘indefinitely’, without prospect of an end date. Martin McDonagh’s Hangmen on Broadway has suffered from this interminability, lacking the economic resources to commit to an unspecified closure period. Hangmen will not return after we find our way back to the theatres, and who knows what else we might have lost? Aside from the terrifying effects on public safety, coronavirus is set to have an unparalleled impact on the economy. Arts and culture, sectors which have already faced significant funding cuts, may have to adapt to a new normal if we are to welcome them back to our stages, screens, and books. In a period of such ambiguity, we can only hope that Glastonbury will be able to celebrate its 50th anniversary next year, in the fullest glory, and that arts and culture will wait, shining, at the end of the tunnel. 

Pembroke tutor imprisoned for indecent images

Mark Robins
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Pembroke tutor imprisoned for indecent images

TW: child pornography, sexual abuse

Philosophy professor Peter King has been jailed for possessing almost 3,000 indecent images. He was sentenced to seven months in custody and given a sexual harm prevention order.

Formerly a tutor at Pembroke, the college suspended King when informed that he was to appear in court last month. A statement released by the College said: “Pembroke was made aware of the police investigation and charges against Peter King, who provided some Philosophy teaching here, only the day before his court appearance in February. He was immediately suspended from his employment”.

In his case at Oxford Crown Court, King pleaded guilty to three counts of producing indecent images of children and one count of possessing a prohibited image of a child. James Mulholland, King’s representative, said the defendant had an “addiction or compulsion” to “repeatedly but intermittently” accessing indecent images of children. King compared himself to “someone who starts a sticker collection and wants the whole set”.

King was previously cautioned by police in 2007 after accessing illegal material, which he claimed he had used to research an article on the ethics of child pornography.

The paper, entitled “No Plaything: Ethical issues concerning child pornography”, discussed “the possibility of a morally acceptable form of child pornography”, though ultimately concluded that it was morally wrong. Regardless of his warning, prosecutors said that King continued to download images in “a repeated pattern of behaviour”.

King’s search history and hard drive showed he had regularly accessed illegal websites and had searched for terms such as “schoolgirl”. He was arrested in 2018 for visiting a Russian file-sharing website.

A Pembroke spokesperson said: “The college moved swiftly to put in place welfare and counselling arrangements for students and staff, and alternative teaching arrangements and academic support for all affected students.”

Having studied at Brasenose, King taught at Christ Church and Somerville before joining Pembroke, though the University said he was not centrally employed and had no faculty duties.

The University of Oxford has been contacted for comment.

Image Credit to David Smith / Wikimedia Commons. License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license.

Endangered Languages – The Loss of Human Identity

George Newton
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Endangered Languages – The Loss of Human Identity

The components that make up identity are complex. As humans, our personalities and cultures are formed by multiple factors; from the clothes we wear to the food we eat, we are all individual components of a larger society. A crucial element in society is language; without it, we are unable to communicate with others. Language provides us with a practical means to understand and express our needs, emotions and wishes.  But more than this, the ways in which we express ourselves contribute a great deal to who we are and where we come from.

In essence, language is a vehicle that facilitates the expression of similar human experiences from a particular group or community. Linguistic diversity is beautiful. Each language views the world from a different angle, offering different ways to express emotions and to describe the world around us. For instance, Japanese has eight words for ‘black’, with each term describing a different shade, and Finnish has different terms for ‘coffee break’ depending on when in the day the coffee is drunk.

Yet, some of these contributions are being threatened with extinction; according to the SIL Ethnologue, an annual reference publication of statistics regarding living human languages, 6.8% of the world’s living languages are critically endangered.  This means that year on year, we are rapidly losing languages, cultures and the people that practise them. 

When I first told people at home that I was going to Oxford to read Spanish and Portuguese, they looked at me as if I’d made some terrible mistake. “Why Portuguese?” they asked. As languages go, Portuguese is far from endangered; it is an official language in ten different countries, has 250 million native speakers (more than French), and is spoken on every continent. But even still, people ask “why?”.

While Portuguese is thriving, there are many languages that we risk losing because they are not passed down from generation to generation and are not being learned as a second language. This jeopardises the very existence of some of the world’s oldest languages and cultures in various indigenous communities around the world. The death of a language is much more than a set of obsolete grammar rules, it is a phenomenon that destroys the cultural heritage of a society that has constructed its idioms, colloquialisms and analogies over centuries to define the human experience in a particular region.

Throughout history, as has often been the case for Australasian and native American languages, government suppression of linguistic freedoms has resulted in the marginalisation and persecution of many minority groups.  Speakers have been provided with a choice between persecution or the adoption of the most widely spoken language. This intolerance is unproductive and threatens the diversity of human culture, as the persecutor wrongly places one culture and language in authority over another. A language and culture that have existed for centuries are wiped out.

The globalisation of world economies and the subsequent instruction of the most widely spoken languages have contributed to the extinction of many languages. The ‘usefulness’ of a language is determined by its potential to enable the learner/speaker to be in demand and thereby make money. Hence, it is hardly surprising that 96% of the world’s population speaks only 4% of the world’s languages.

While on the surface it seems logical to learn a language that is ‘useful’, this attitude is endemic to the extinction of languages. It does not recognise the value behind learning and speaking the languages of one’s ancestors and continuing traditions that have lasted centuries, simply because it is not considered economically beneficial. Engaging with one’s own culture and using the language of one’s community are portrayed as less valuable and secondary to learning what is ‘useful’. The ancient and intangible cultural traditions that show centuries of human experience become less of a concern in the face of temporary economic factors.

In order to keep these languages alive, they need to be transmitted to younger generations. Moreover, people from outside of the community need to learn these languages. Crucially, it is important to instil a renewed awareness of the beauty and importance of every language, whether it has 250 million speakers or just twenty.

Let’s return to the question of “Why?”. It would seem that if people question why one should learn Portuguese, one of the world’s most widely spoken languages, there is little hope that enough people will want to ensure the survival of those most endangered. However, hope is not lost. There are people, including grammarians, who are learning and writing grammars for languages that are critically endangered, so as not to lose the valuable cultures to which they belong. Online resources are vital to raising awareness and assisting the learning of languages like Cherokee, Cornish or Wiradjuri, that are struggling in an ever-globalised world.

For those interested in learning about endangered languages, this website is a useful tool: http://www.endangeredlanguages.com.

‘and all manner of things shall be well’

Jack Glynne-Jones
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‘and all manner of things shall be well’

During times like these, when one must spend more time alone and the mind is unsettled, it can be difficult to sit and focus on studying or reading for long periods, particularly when attempting continuous or difficult texts. Poetry, however, requires less sustained concentration and shifts the emphasis of importance towards single lines or short passages, rather than requiring the reading of a whole chapter in order to acquire meaning. It allows more time for ponderance and interpretation, encouraging the mind to drift, meditate and remember. It’s a different type of mental focus than required when following the narratives within novels, or attempting to navigate complex academic books or articles. 

There are certain poets whose words were written in, or about, isolation during unsettled times. One such poet is T.S. Eliot, whose life until he met his second wife Valerie was solitary, with years spent writing while working as a banker and editor in London. His year at Merton College was summarised with the words: ‘Oxford is very pretty, but I don’t like to be dead’. Two of his most famous works, The Wasteland and Four Quartets, were written after or during times of great uncertainty, the former published in 1922, when the horror of WW1 was firmly printed in living memory, and the latter in 1941. 

The Waste Land is bleak and offers little consolation, but the Four Quartets offer more optimism and hope while at the same time communicating his mental and physical isolation more clearly than any of his other works. The last three movements were written when London was being heavily bombed; something which Eliot observed in his time as an Air Raid Warden on the roof of the Faber & Faber publishing house in Russell Square. He fully acknowledges the war going on around him, referencing the Blitz using Christian imagery:
‘The dove descending breaks the air
With flame of incandescent terror’.
Nor was he afraid to realise the realities of time and death:
‘Dust in the air suspended
Marks the place where a story ended,
Dust inbreathed was a house –
The wall, the wainscot and the mouse.’ 

Yet, in taking on these challenges he nevertheless offers many lines of acceptance and hope, one of the most prominent being the Julian of Norwich quote: ‘And all things shall be well, And all manner of things shall be well’, found in the concluding passage of the final Quartet. The combination of this optimism with the abundance of references to his isolation (‘….the light falls, Across the open field, leaving the deep lane, Shuttered with branches’) can offer a new way of looking at one’s own time spent alone in times of stress or anxiety. Here we find an outlook where we see that temporary isolation can refresh our sympathy with others, and allow us to take our loved ones less for granted. Eliot even offers us solace for the future, when the difficult times have passed. In the opening stanzas of the Four Quartets he conveys the futility of regret
‘What might have been is an abstraction, Remaining a perpetual possibility, Only in a world of speculation.’ Eliot is here in uncharacteristically personal, empathetic and optimistic form, feelings of which were possibly borne out of the trauma of living during WW2.

Sometimes, when encountering challenges or dilemmas in the past, I have found that poetry can help me to relax and look at things in a more detached and meditative manner, due to the low level of solid and sustained concentration required to read it. Perhaps it can express things that sentences and paragraphs cannot. It may highlight to us things that we believe to be true yet sometimes fail to act on, such as the usefulness of occasional optimism. Eliot, not exactly known for accessibility, is one poet who can offer very simple advice in incredibly beautiful terms. His Four Quartets, and an awareness of the period of his life in which they were written, highlight the utility of temporary self-isolation and reminds us that all turbulent times will pass. It tells us that during such times we may see certain facts of life more clearly, as well as appreciating what we usually take for granted. I think that perhaps poetry’s greatest and most immediate effect is to make us see more beauty in less. The expression of these sentiments through the thought-provoking form of poetry makes his work a great source of consolation for some when experiencing anxiety or doubt, and I feel that poetry is something more of us should turn to when feeling unsettled and unable to relax.

The Unacknowledged Oppression of the Welsh language

Nia Brown
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The Unacknowledged Oppression of the Welsh language

The PR department of chocolate bar company Snickers recently made headlines for an ill-judged Twitter thread likening the Welsh language to “someone sitting on a keyboard”. In a move made mere days after Sky News were criticised for branding the Welsh language as “pointless”, these ‘jokes’, while seemingly trivial compared to other ‘more pressing’ issues in the world, seem characteristic of the bigoted mantle of anti-welsh Cymrophobia that is apparently allowed to pass as acceptable in our current society.

During my first week at university I was reliably informed by an Englishman, who I’m not convinced had ever stepped foot in Wales, that my language was “going to die soon anyway” (thank goodness for such valuable insight). I rolled my eyes and dismissed the comment…just as I dismissed Roger Lewis who branded Welsh as a ‘Moribund monkey language’, and Rod Liddle who viewed the language as “indecipherable with no real vowels”, and just as I dismissed the letter that appeared in my local newspaper characterising my home town as a “unique, successful and a special town because it has always been very un-Welsh”. Most often such comments are, much like the Snickers’ tweet, justified as “just a joke”, cheap, boring and repetitive as they may be. However such jokes often become weary and exasperating when the people and culture they deride have endured a debilitating oppression.

These ‘jokes’ are microaggressions, and they appear to stem from a broader and outdated view that English should somehow assume superiority over Welsh. From the 1847 Treachery of the Blue Books, a government-commissioned report that condemned “the evil of the Welsh language” as “a manifold barrier to the moral progress and commercial prosperity of the people”, to the nineteenth century ‘Welsh Not’, which physically punished schoolchildren for speaking Welsh, the Welsh language has been consistently and wrongly condemned as a taint on a cohesive and coherent Britain. Evidently, it is a narrative that needs updating.

The problem is that when such a dangerously elitist approach towards language is adopted, unique and valued cultural heritage is at stake. For example, Llyn Bochlwyd (translating as “Lake of the Greycheek”), is a lake in Snowdonia named after a local legend which tells of an old grey stag who, pursued by a hunter, leapt from a great height and swam to safety through the lake, holding its grey cheeks above the water. The Welsh name beautifully ties the land to its local lore. However in recent guidebooks Llyn Bochlwyd has been given a new name that is more pronounceable for non-Welsh speakers: Lake Australia…because its outline vaguely resembles the shape of Australia.

Thankfully the vast majority of people are enthusiastic about Wales and about Welsh culture. I loved being able to take a friend of mine for a walk along the Brecon Beacons and for it to be met with the same enthusiasm that I had always felt for such a beautiful landscape. However it’s important to remind ourselves that Wales is not simply an extension of England, nor is it here to accommodate it. Such a mistake has been made before with the drowning of Capel Celyn in 1965, despite great Welsh opposition. One of the few Welsh-only speaking communities was destroyed in order create a reservoir to supply water to Liverpool. It was an event which epitomised English indifference towards Welsh culture, opinion, and property that still leaves a tender wound today.

Snickers’ tweets may seem harmless enough at first, but they are a microcosm of a wider and more troubling trend of anti-welsh sentiments that breed from a place of ignorance. To reduce the Welsh language to a jumble of letters smashed on a keyboard is to buy into the same age-old mindset that devalues the Welsh language in favour of its more ‘sophisticated’ English neighbour.  The joke may be old, but the politics are older.

Oxford finalists ask for a say on exam re-arrangements in Covid-19 outbreak

Violeta Perea Rubio
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Oxford finalists ask for a say on exam re-arrangements in Covid-19 outbreak

Finalists at Oxford have been compiling an Open Letter directed to Professor Martin Williams, the Pro-Vice-Chancellor for Education at Oxford University, concerning their final exams in light of the Covid-19 outbreak. It has received over 1,200 signatures in one day.

Their central appeal is “that the University allows student choice with regard to the upcoming assessments.” They urge that students are given options on how they will be assessed that consider the varying ways the pandemic affects each student.

The letter emphasises that “imposing any one formula on the entire student body will unfairly disadvantage a significant number of its members as the pandemic affects us all differently.”

The Open Letter comes as a response to the Pro-Vice-Chancellor’s statement, sent to all Oxford students via email on Tuesday 17th of March, wherein he confirmed “that wherever possible, teaching and learning will be moved to an online format” and “that planned written paper examinations will not go ahead in their normal format in Trinity term.” Instead, they intend to replace traditional exams with “an online approach.”

Finalists have raised issues of access and equality regarding this “online approach”. The letter lists various different situations that display the inequality inherent to remote exams: “For instance, some students may not have a quiet environment in their homes to take a timed online exam and would prefer take-home exams. Yet others may need to take care of their ailing family members and have to delay their exams entirely.”

They present three main suggestions for examination arrangements: remote, postponed and cancelled assessments. Under each option, the Open Letter provides different assessment arrangements ideas.

For students wishing to be assessed remotely, the Open Letter suggests an array of options: “Open-book exams completed online with conventional time limits; Vivas through video-conference; A portfolio of essays; coursework that replaces exams”.

For students wishing to postpone their assessment, they suggest “postponing exams and coursework deadlines until social distancing and quarantine measures have been sufficiently relaxed” or “giving finalists the option to restart the year in Michaelmas 2020, Trinity 2021”.

For those “unable to undertake any further assessment at all in light of circumstances”, they suggest either receiving a grade based on previous work (for example: tutorials, grades already achieved, and previously submitted work) or “Graduating ‘declared to have deserved honours’ with an unclassified degree”.

In response to the Open Letter, Prof. Martin Williams told Cherwell: “I appreciate the considered and constructive tone of the Oxford Finalists letter and as rightly noted in the content the pandemic is having a huge effect on students who have been forced into an academic limbo through no fault of their own, and I sympathise.

“Without question these are extraordinary times that are having unprecedented impact on the way we live. There are a lot of unknowns for us all but the University is working hard to alleviate some of the stress and uncertainty that our students are feeling and will provide more information to our community about Trinity term teaching and exams in the next few days as the situation becomes clearer.”

The letter highlights a precedent for option in the English Faculty at Cambridge University’s creation of a “2020 Tripos Survey for Part II students”, where Cambridge English finalists could voice their preferred options from a discrete list. Nevertheless, the Letter urges for an even more flexible approach to arranging new forms of assessment.  

One of the creators of the Open Letter, Luci Dennewill told Cherwell: “this is an anxious time for all of us finalists, and we are looking to make our voices heard and get clarity on the exam situation

“We understand that this is a really difficult decision for the university administration and the various faculties to make, so we didn’t want the letter to be an airing of grievances but rather a constructive expression of what we see as a feasible solution. We want to make sure our concerns are considered and that the solution the university arrives at is beneficial to as many finalists as in any way possible.” 

Zhenghong Lieu stresses that the letter is not a “list of demands”, but is “merely a non-exhaustive list of suggestions for the University to consider”, highlighting the conciliatory tone of the letter that understands that “these are extraordinarily difficult times for all”, students and the Univerisity alike.

Luci Dennewill, who co-wrote the letter with Zhengohong Lieu, emphasises the collective effort behind the Open Letter: “we had a lot of help from other finalists who wanted to make the project work”.

Similarly, hundreds of Cambridge students have signed an Open Letter calling for finals to either be postponed or for finalists to retake their final year.

For more clarification or comment on Oxford’s Open Letter contact either Luci Dennewill or Zhengohong Lieu.

Photography By Ellie Wilkins

Oxford student founds Coronavirus help group

Tilly Walters
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Oxford student founds Coronavirus help group

An Oxford University student has set up a global initiative to provide food and supplies to those that are self-isolating due to Covid-19. 

Frederik Filz von Reiterdank has co-founded Students Against Corona, a student led initiative with the aim of helping vulnerable members of local communities, such as those in isolation, or in high-risk groups. 

The initiative is the central point of guidance and contact, and aids individuals in starting their own groups in their local areas; Facebook groups for Oxford, Loughborough and Amsterdam – among numerous others – are already in existence. 

Speaking to Cherwell, Filz von Reiterdank emphasised the need for volunteers to follow “the necessary hygiene precautions”. They are providing “hygiene guidelines for specific tasks. For example, for grocery shopping, we’d have a video and textual explanation of the safest way to carry it out”. 

Their rules, which volunteers are asked to sign before involvement include: always carrying out tasks with a partner; set hygiene guidelines, such as carrying hand sanitiser and cleaning any items touched (e.g. dog leashes) and taking on tasks solely through representatives for safeguarding purposes. 

They have reached out to health officials to ensure their rules to volunteers are consistent with current medical advice, and within the UK are working closely with two NHS directors. 

Filz von Reiterdank stressed that many of the issues with current community led initiatives is the reliance on “individuals helping individuals” – he hopes Students Against Corona can eliminate the potential issues that “could harm people”. He wants to harness the community spirit, but provide the necessary infrastructure and advice for this volunteering effort to be carried out safely. 

The initiative has seen huge popularity, with 400+ volunteers committed in just 24 hours. In Oxford, they hope to partner with local groups including charities and food banks, as well as with colleges. Signups for both volunteers, and those needing the services, are open via their website, and a GoFundMe has also been set up. 

Website

Facebook group

Oxford specific group

Oxford Big Data Institute developing mobile app for coronavirus instant contact tracing

Catherine Dema
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Oxford Big Data Institute developing mobile app for coronavirus instant contact tracing

A team of researchers at the University of Oxford’s Big Data Institute provided evidence for the potential efficacy of a mobile app for instant contact tracing of COVID-19. The team is supporting several European countries in exploring the feasibility of such an app. The infectious disease experts believe that such an app could significantly help contain the spread of coronavirus, if quickly and widely deployed.

The scientists working on the project have expertise in epidemiology, medicine, virology, immunology, mathematical modelling, phylogenetics, behavioural economics and ethics. They have suspended their usual research on the spread of viruses to direct efforts toward modelling and halting COVID-19. They researched whether it is mathematically possible to stop the outbreak – and determined that if contact tracing is sufficiently fast, effective and widespread, the pandemic can be stopped. 

Professor Christophe Fraser from the Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, explains why a contact tracing app could be deployed with urgency: “Coronavirus is unlike previous epidemics and requires multiple inter-dependent containment strategies. Our analysis suggests that almost half of coronavirus transmissions occur in the very early phase of infection, before symptoms appear, so we need a fast and effective mobile app for alerting people who have been exposed. Our mathematical modelling suggests that traditional public health contact tracing methods are too slow to keep up with this virus.”

Fraser continues: “The instant mobile app concept is very simple. If you are diagnosed with coronavirus, the people you’ve recently come into contact with will be messaged advising them to isolate. If this mobile app is developed and deployed rapidly, and enough people opt-in to use such an approach, we can slow the spread of coronavirus and mitigate against devastating human, economic and social impacts.”

Dr. David Bonsall, a researcher at Oxford’s Nuffield Department of Medicine and clinician at Oxford’s John Radcliffe Hospital, said: “Our findings confirm that not everybody has to use the mobile app for it to work. If with the help of the app the majority of individuals self-isolate on showing symptoms, and the majority of their contacts can be traced, we stand a chance of stopping the epidemic. To work, this approach needs to be integrated into a national programme, not taken on by independent app developers. If we can securely deploy this technology, the more people that opt-in, the faster the epidemic will stop, and the more lives can be saved.

“At the current stage of the epidemic, contact tracing can no longer be performed effectively by public health officials in the UK, and many countries across Europe, as coronavirus is spreading too rapidly. Our research of early data from other countries shows that patient histories are incomplete – we don’t know the details of the person we sat next to on the bus. We need an instantaneous and anonymous digital solution to confirm our person-to-person contact history.”  

The pandemic requires an expedient and urgent response. Fraser explains, “There are currently more daily cases in many small European countries than the whole of China. Our team is now preparing simulations for this mobile contact-tracing approach that could stop the epidemic with far less disruption than national or Europe-wide isolation. Our hope is to support communities with life-saving information as the pandemic worsens, or alternatively it could be used to release communities from large-scale isolation.”

The researchers are aware of and addressing the ethical implications of their work. Professor Michael Parker, Director of the Wellcome Centre for Ethics & Humanities and Ethox Centre, in Oxford’s Nuffield Department of Population Health recommends: “The use of any coronavirus mobile application requires high ethical standards throughout the intervention, including: guaranteeing equal access and treatment; addressing privacy and data usage concerns; adopting a transparent and auditable algorithm; considering digital deployment strategies to support specific groups, such as health care workers, the elderly and the young; and, proceeding on the basis of individual consent.”

The researchers emphasize the need for the app to be a part of an integrated approach to combat the spread of the virus.

Bonsall continues: “We need a variety of measures to slow the spread of infection before vaccines and antiviral treatments become available. A significant number of infections are being transmitted before symptoms start, so we need a fast and efficient system for alerting people when they have been exposed. Regular handwashing and hygiene remain important; in addition, people should follow any recommendations to reduce close contact with others, especially in densely populated areas. Combining these measures will help to reduce onward transmissions, which in epidemiological terms, reduces the reproductive number R; the average number of transmissions from infected individuals. If a country reduces R to less than one, the epidemic will decline and eventually stop.”

Fraser concludes, “Current strategies are not working fast enough to intercept transmission of coronavirus. To effectively tackle this pandemic we need to harness 21st century technology. Our research makes the case for a mobile application that accelerates our ability to trace infected people and provides vital information that keeps communities safe from this pandemic.”

More information on the research can be found at https://045.medsci.ox.ac.uk/.

PETA rates Oxford University vegan-friendly

Catherine Dema
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PETA rates Oxford University vegan-friendly

The animal rights group PETA announced a list of the 31 most vegan-friendly universities – and the University of Oxford has made the list. The designation was made based on the availability of plant-based dining options and initiatives to promote vegan eating.

The menus at most university cafes are fifty percent meat-free, and almost seventy percent of hospitality food options are vegan or vegetarian. PETA praises the number of vegan options at all forms of dining at the university – in cafes, hospitality and residence halls – in addition to praising the Student Union’s annual Veggie Pledge, which challenges students to go vegan or vegetarian for a month. According to the Student Union, last year 1500 students took part in the challenge, saving thousands of animals and over 5 tonnes of carbon.

“Students in the UK are going vegan in huge numbers, and it’s great to see universities joining the revolution,” says PETA Director Elisa Allen. “PETA commends the University of Oxford for offering healthy and delicious vegan food options that everyone can enjoy.”

One of the university’s initiatives to encourage meat-free eating is the Future of Food programme at the Oxford Martin School. Directed by Professor Charles Godfray, the programme is “an interdisciplinary programme of research and policy engagement concerning all aspects of the food system, based at the University of Oxford”.

Worldwide there is over 300 million tonnes of meat consumption per year, which could rise as much as 75% by the middle of the century. The rearing of livestock for meat, eggs and dairy products generates 15% of total global greenhouse gas emissions and uses 70% of agricultural land.

A 2014 paper by Oxford researchers first provided quantitative evidence that going meat-free can dramatically reduce the impact of our diets on the environment. Since then, further Oxford studies have demonstrated that adopting more plant-based, ‘flexitarian’ diets globally could reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of the food system by more than half.

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