A study led by the Department of Engineering Science has shown, for the first time, that it is possible to engineer a quantum mechanical process in proteins. This is a process which occurs at the quantum level, typically between atoms and particles.
During the study, researchers created a new class of biomolecules called magneto-sensitive fluorescent proteins (MFPs), which interact with magnetic fields and radio waves.
To generate the engineered proteins, researchers used a technique called directed evolution. This method involved introducing random mutations to the DNA sequence encoding the protein, creating thousands of variants with altered properties. The highest-performing variants are then selected, and the process is repeated, leading to proteins that have significantly improved sensitivity to magnetic fields.
The first author of the paper, Gabriel Abrahams, a DPhil student in the Department of Engineering Science, was particularly struck by this “hugely exciting discovery”. He noted the power of evolution: “We don’t yet know how to design a really good biological quantum sensor from scratch, but by carefully steering the evolutionary process in bacteria. Nature found a way for us.”
The ground-breaking nature of this research is due to the shift away from examining quantum effects in nature, to concentrating on their practical, real-world use. Biomedicine is one area that researchers have already explored in this regard. The team created a prototype imaging instrument that can locate the engineered proteins in a similar way to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
Once developed further, the prototype might be able to track specific molecules of gene expression within a living organism, enabling it to potentially be used for targeting drug delivery and monitoring genetic changes in tumours.
Associate Professor Harrison Steel, senior author of the study, said: “Our study highlights how difficult it is to predict the winding road from fundamental science to technological breakthrough.
“For example, our understanding of the quantum processes happening inside MFPs was only unlocked thanks to experts who have spent decades studying how birds navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. Meanwhile, the proteins that provided the starting point for engineering MFPs originated in the common oat!”
Professor Steel also spoke of his appreciation of the support and funding from the EPSRC EEBio Programme Grant. He stated that it was “instrumental in enabling our interdisciplinary vision to carry out bioengineering alongside robotics, control algorithms, and AI, all in one lab”.
Alongside side researchers from Oxford’s Department of Engineering Science, the project also involved collaboration with the Department of Chemistry, as well as international contributions from Aarhus University, The Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, and others.
Now working to apply their discovery, the team aims to further the understanding of quantum effects in nature as part of a major recent project led by Oxford’s Department of Chemistry. The study – ‘Quantum spin resonance in engineered proteins for multimodal sensing’ – has been published in the natural sciences journal Nature.

