It was recently revealed that only 2.8% of Oxford’s intake for 2018 will come from areas defined as the most difficult to engage in higher education.
In a tweet responding to these figures, David Lammy MP offered the indictment: “Shame on them. Oxbridge take £700m a year in taxpayers’ money yet are not tackling entrenched privilege”. However, I fail to see how this helps the situation, with his remark suggesting that disappointing figures for access are entirely the fault of the University.
Oxford cannot and should not force students to apply, and the application process starts at the level of secondary education. Oxford can improve the way it engages with these schools and their respective pupils, but fundamentally the application process will always begin in school.
It’s woefully short-sighted to believe that the University is solely responsible. The long-term goal of improving access to those from the most socially and economically marginalised backgrounds can be met, but only through consistent collaboration between Oxford and secondary schools, a reality which is often ignored in media coverage of Oxbridge.
These latest statistics also revealed the disparity in the proportion of state-educated students at Oxford and Cambridge: 58% of students at Oxford are from state schools, compared to 62.6% at Cambridge.
From my own experience, I didn’t apply to Oxford the first time I applied to university in 2014, in part because no one from the University had ever visited my school. Having only 1 A, 4 Bs and 3 Cs at GCSE, I felt admission to Oxford, which emphasised the importance of having multiple A*s at GCSE just to attend the UNIQ summer school, was well outside of the realm of possibility.
I believe colleges should encourage current students to take part in outreach programmes and activities such as school visits, or even just engaging with potential applicants on forums like The Student Room – something I try and do whenever I can. Indubitably, it’s far easier to relate to a 19 or 20-year-old student than it is to an academic tutor whose life experience may seem irreconcilably removed from your own.
Whilst the current generation of Oxford students is probably the most representative it has ever been in the university’s 900-year history, Oxford cannot improve upon this alone: schools must see their critical role in the process. For example, when I was first applying to university, I was told unequivocally that one needed 8 A*s at GCSE to even attend an open day.
Rather than attacking Oxford for “taking £700m of taxpayer’s money” or for “entrenched privilege”, the way forward is surely to focus on how the current generation of Oxford students can harness their own experience to enable capable students to apply to Oxbridge.
Greater transparency is also needed: the figures for state sector admissions should be divided into comprehensives and grammar schools, so that the university is open and honest with regards to what proportion of its intake comes from just 150 or so grammar schools. Only through greater transparency, and collaboration with a variety of academies and free schools, can the potential of Oxford’s access programme be reached.
Should Oxford take the blame for its access problem?
To a British onlooker, South Africa is both reassuringly familiar and unsettlingly alien. Both demographically and democratically our junior, it could perhaps be conceived as our more fractious, more febrile younger sibling. Despite the recent election of supposed reformer Cyril Ramaphosa, in popular understanding, South Africa is still a place of dichotomies, ruled by a party, the ANC, that is simultaneously associated with the idealistic liberation party of Nelson Mandela and the corrupt and nepotistic machinations of former president Jacob Zuma. In this country of extremes, its politics is closer to our consumer fiction than to the pages of our newspapers. Yet at the same time, South Africa’s principle uncanniness is in the reflection it gives of our own home nation. Whilst for most British, the consequences of the imperial past upon which our society is based are reassuringly remote, but for South Africa the bubblegum façade of Western culture is openly and revoltingly juxtaposed with the undisguisable aftermath of colonial exploitation. In South Africa, we see, perhaps, most clearly the hypocrisies that ferment just below the surface of our own country. Yet even in a more general sense, such as the creeping tendency towards populism and the rule of soundbite politics, South Africa is less an anomaly than, as my uncle and resident of Johannesburg deems it, “a microcosm of the world.”
Recently elected president, Cyril Ramaphosa, in 2017.
What perhaps links the two countries most closely from my perspective is the issue of representation. The UK, since the last election, has become effectively bipartisan, leaving those of us with views outside that of the dominant Conservative or Labour narrative essentially unrepresented on the political stage. The problem is only exacerbated by Brexit, that has not only left the 48 per cent who voted Remain without a political voice in this respect, as both parties, currently, refuse to offer an alternative to leaving the EU, but also left little room for parties to think about anything else. Sapped by Brexit, neither party appears to have the bandwidth to develop new, modern policies on issues that voters feel strongly about.
In South Africa, the issue is increased a hundredfold. The ANC holds a one-party stranglehold on government, achieving 62 percent of the vote in the last election despite the numerous allegations of corruption and illegitimacy against it. Voting against the ANC is thus seen as essentially a waste of time and any form of opposition to the party is tainted with this sense of futility.
National Assembly of South Africa (2018)
One person who is particularly frustrated by the whole problem is Nick Farrell. Aged just 17, Farrell had run for the leadership of the Democratic Alliance, the country’s principal opposition party. A champion of liberal ideals since apartheid, the DA can perhaps be seen as the South African equivalent of typical European centrist party. Yet Farrell dismisses them as “irrelevant”. They achieved just 22 per cent of the vote at the last election, and appear unable to connect with voters beyond their traditional white and middle-class base.
For despite Farrell’s involvement in the DA since 2012 as a youth leader, and then chairperson of Morningside ward, his run for leadership was not based on a desire to become a career politician. Indeed, it was born out of frustration with the DA’s “increasingly autocratic” behaviour under the then leader Helen de Zille, who had bene unchallenged in leadership contest since 2007. Fed up with the inertia of his party, Farrell, against the wishes of his parents, announced his intention to run against her.
“People weren’t giving us (dissidents) a voice in the party. So, running was a legal way of saying look, you can’t shut me down…it was the best way of expressing my views in an open way,” he said.
Although Farrell never actually got to run against Zille in the contest, standing down shortly after making his statement, it was still enough for him to gather uncomfortable scrutiny from the press and even from the DA’s own MPs. One, Dan MacPherson, condemned his leadership run as a “stunt” and implicitly threatened to weaken Farrell’s chances of getting into university if he did not stand down.
“Young people often have slightly different views to the political establishment within the party, so when a young person speaks its often assumed that they are going to say something that isn’t in line – and often it is! But it’s easier to silence young people, to make sure they don’t have a place in the party,” said Farrell when considering MacPherson’s behaviour.
“But if you don’t have young people in the party, how are you going to attract young voters that are occupying a greater and greater percentage of the demographic, of the voting population?”
And of course, the DA’s inability to connect with voters is not just destructive for their own party. Without a powerful opposition movement, the ANC have been allowed in recent years to engage in corrupt political activity with effective impunity, relying on the memory of liberation to ensure success at the ballot box. The moral purity and ideological consistency of Mandela’s ANC was hijacked and replaced by Zuma’s own brand of personality politics. Prior to his recent expulsion, Zuma had used his individual power to enrich his own family and connections at the expense of his electorate, demonstrating himself to be more a kleptomaniac despot than a saviour of the people.
This lack of scrutiny from mainstream opposition, oh-so-familiar in our current political clime, has led to the creation of new parties in the South African system. Although often openly populist, nationalist. radical and still relatively fringe in terms of voter support, the Economic Freedom Fighters have begun to attract attention from disillusioned voters.
Indeed, despite his own centre-right political leanings, Farrell expressed admiration for the party. Perhaps in their “charismatic and powerful” young leader, he sees more than a little of himself. Julius Malema established the party in 2013, after being sacked as the leader of the ANC’s youth organisation under charges of “bringing the party into disrepute”. Echoing Farrell’s own criticisms of the DA, Malema has called the ANC, “directionless, possibly the most corrupt, and openly neo-liberal, right-wing political formation that will never solve South Africa’s socio-political problems”.
For Farrell, Malema has “a way of doing politics that I like.”
“You know I watched a press conference with him the other day, and you know – he’s a communist! – but I listened to this press conference and I thought he was actually speaking for me. It was bizarre. He was talking about a constitutional court judgement and he was talking about that in a way that connected with me.”
When I suggest that this is nothing more than the fatal attraction of unresearched populist rhetoric, he disagrees.
“I think everyone goes Julius Malema is a communist, he must be a populist and I think they are populist and they speak in a populist way. But if I look at EFF policies, they are definitely more substantial than the DA’s. They have a better grasp of the complex issues.”
For Farrell, the DA’s shying away from more controversial politics and their reluctance to engage with views that challenge party policy comes from a certain brand of “pragmatic politics” and “political correctness”. In his eyes, this political correctness that acts to place inflammatory and difficult beliefs outside the realm of usual political discourse is less a process of effective condemnation than a form of political cowardice.
Although the party elected its first black leader, Mmusi Maimane, in 2015, it has struggled to dispel accusations of institutional racism – attempts to silence the sometimes flagrantly racist remarks of party members have been unsuccessful in changing public opinion. Indeed, Farrell believes that this tactic of silencing is itself flawed.
“These people aren’t talking about it (race) out of malicious intent, they’re talking about it because it’s their belief, their view, and it’s not overtly racist but it’s subtle racism. We should embrace them rather than reject them, bring them in and include them, and say this is a problem, this is why you can’t say that, this is the empirical evidence that says that this isn’t true. Simply silencing people and saying, ‘No you can’t be involved, you can’t talk about this issue’ – it’s a superficial fix to a sophisticated problem.
“You can’t just say ‘sign this piece of paper and you won’t be a racist anymore’, ‘sign this piece of paper and you won’t say anything racist,’” he explains, referring to the ‘Pledge Against Racism’ that is now obligatory for all party members to sign.
“The essence of evolution is that we keep getting better. But we aren’t challenging the status quo, those views are going to get more and more entrenched and prejudiced. If people are overly pragmatic and politically correct it will not help progress, it will slow down, slow down, slow down [sic].”
Instead of coming out and challenging these problems, Farrell characterises the party’s policy as negative.
“What the DA have done over the last 5 years has just been anti-Zuma, and that is very, very simplistic. When Zuma goes, possibly in the next few weeks or months, what’s their argument going to be?”
Of course, since this interview, Zuma has gone. His successor, Cyril Ramaphosa, with his promises to fix corruption and restore a ‘business-friendly’ South Africa, seems to have signed the effective death warrant for the DA as the sole representative of transparent centrist politics.
Nick Farrell
Although the expulsion of Zuma is undoubtedly a good thing, paradoxically, of course, the re-ignition of support for the ANC through the appointment of Ramaphosa will only mean a further entrenching of South Africa’s position as an effective one-party-state. The vast spectrum of political parties that is so often put forward as the ideal of parliamentary democracy and that encompasses a continuum of political opinion, could perhaps slip even further out of reach.
But, as someone who isn’t a member of any political party, what Farrell gets most audibly excited about is a different vision of political heterogeneity. This heterogeneity comes not from established parties, but from individual members of the electorate themselves.
“If you look at our constitution, voting is one right, you know, [but you also] have the right to freedom of expression, you have the right to protest, you have the right to create a political party, you have the right to fund a political party, you have the right to free media. The right to vote is one aspect that a democracy needs to succeed, [but you need] to be participating in a variety of different areas that the constitution has set out for you to do…the constitution is a toolkit for all of us to use, for us to hold our leaders to account, to engage in the political process and to get the best outcome.”
For Farrell, young people are perfectly poised to initiate this new form of democracy. He admits that most of the publicity he got during his leadership campaign down to his age and his ability to exploit technology. Whilst social media is often demonised by the press as the root of extremist politics, echo-chambers and trolls, Farrell has a more idealist vision.
“We know everyone can tweet something and retweet to hundreds of people automatically. There is something inherently powerful in that that people aren’t making use of.”
Launching a political revolution on a medium most commonly used for exchanging memes and selfies may seem a little far-fetched. But we have already seen the power of social media as a means of breaking up and questioning the discourse of the mainstream press, as not only ordinary people but otherwise anonymous experts in their field have harnessed the democratizing nature of social media to highlight traditional journalists’ mistakes. Flick through any Twitter feed, and you can see responses to politicians and pundits being corrected and questioned by lawyers, doctors, nurses, nuclear physicists. Whilst its potential for spreading lies and vitriol is ceaselessly examined, social media’s ability to give further nuance to tricky topics is just as clear. Social media can be claustrophobic, but it also allows us to take more specific and unique viewpoints.
When it comes to his own future in politics, Farrell remains undecided.
“I definitely wouldn’t close the door in getting back into major involvement in the party and going up the ranks, but I definitely would need to finish my degree first and hopefully have a successful career before getting involved with politics in a major way again.
But I definitely want to stay involved, stay active, stay engaged.”
This final point seems particularly poignant in the wake of the Cambridge Analytica scandal. In an online world that is increasingly becoming characterised by the psychological warfare of unseen political entities ready to manipulate and exploit our own prejudices, isn’t it time to reclaim the Internet as our own? If we’re so bothered about the dissemination of fake news online, isn’t it right that we should be challenging those opinions and creating our own narrative? Now, more than ever before, it seems appropriate for us to take up Farrell’s gauntlet of individual political activism.
I’m the awkward person in Room 9 who panics at the sound of your Hoover outside on the day I know you’re coming to clean my room. I’m the one you see peering out of my door at you when you’re going about your business because I’m trying to work out when to time my tactical exit to the kitchen, because I find it too uncomfortable to sit in silence fake-typing at my laptop while you work in my room. I’m also the one that has to chase you down afterwards because I accidentally left my key in my room when I was tactically exiting.
We also seem to see each other ten times each day because, in the few hours you’re working in my building, I’ll leave for a lecture, come back (probably early), head to the kitchen to make a second breakfast, take it to my room, go back to wash up, return to my room, then maybe go briefly across the hall again. At first we’ll smile at each other and say hello when we pass each other, but on the fourth or fifth time it’s just awkward. My tendency to wander around doing not much and eating multiple meals before lunch is exposed.
You’ve been here a lot longer than I have and I realise you’re probably used to all different kinds of students, even ones as awkward as me (I’m also sorry about the breadcrumbs on my floor). I’ve recently been reminded how privileged we are to have Scouts in our buildings. You treat us better than I would expect to be treated by my own parents. You bring us fresh laundry every week, you empty our bins without commenting on how many Twirl wrappers there are in there, you clean up the disaster that is our kitchen on a Monday morning, and sometimes you even end up doing the washing up (which I’m pretty sure isn’t part of your job). Compared with ‘normal’ student life, living with a Scout is like living in a hotel. Maybe the reason I feel so uncomfortable with it (apart from the embarrassment of my domestic habits) is that I know how fortunate and undeserving we are to be spared the responsibility of even having to refill our own toilet paper.
I’m sorry for being weird and vaguely creepy – thanks for everything you do.
Oxford has just published its gender pay gap statistics, and shockingly there is a significant disparity between the pay of male and female university staff. The headline figure is that Oxford University has a mean gender pay gap of 24.5%, which is above the national average. However, since the mean includes extreme outliers, a more accurate reflection of the situation is the university’s median gender pay gap which stands at 13.7%, lower than the national average of 18.4% but still considerable.
What are the implications of this gender pay gap for students? Given that the primary reason for such a gap is a lack of women in senior roles within the university, the gender pay gap manifests itself in a lack of female staff in top positions.
In Hilary term of this year, just three out of my 64 scheduled lectures were given by a woman. Throughout the entire academic year, not one of my Economics or Philosophy lecturers has been female. Now, a lack of gender diversity amongst lecturers doesn’t necessarily mean that the quality of teaching is worse. Most of the lecturers I have had so far this year have been fantastic and if I’m being honest, I hadn’t noticed that almost all of them were male until a friend pointed out the blatantly obvious.
However, I am confident that the absence of female lecturers does limit the career ambitions of female students and their engagement with the material. I vividly remember the excited discussions amongst female students after a politics lecture by Professor Sophie Smith last term. Everyone was enthused about the subject (given that the lecture was on a 17th century political philosopher, that’s an achievement) and thrilled that a woman had been giving the lecture. The importance of role models should not be understated – having a female lecturer is inspiring and provides living proof to female students that senior academic positions are attainable.
So how can Oxford tackle this gender discrepancy in its top positions? Whilst the university’s aim to achieve 30% female representation of professors by 2020 is commendable, I sincerely hope that this 30% target does not become a hard quota. Oxford should employ staff members who are best for the job without consideration for their gender: the only thing that Oxford can do is try to reach out to more female applicants and ensure that they do not discriminate in the recruitment process.
Yet to address the root of the problem, the University must focus on promoting female empowerment amongst Oxford students through schemes such as the Careers Service’s annual Springboard Programme. In doing so, Oxford can help to pave the way for its female students to have high-flying careers and perhaps become senior staff at the university itself, thereby closing its gender pay gap in the process.
Written by Jez Butterworth and directed by Sam Mendes, The Ferryman screams success. Having previously worked together on Spectre (2015), this is the second collaboration between the renowned playwright and the Oscar-winning director. Their transformation of a true story into an epic play, bursting with intergenerational energy, snappy dialogue and tragic potency, is an astounding achievement.
The action takes place in September 1981, coinciding with the death of the hunger strikers. Butterworth’s play emerges from the story of Eugene Simons, who disappeared from Northern Ireland in 1981 and whose body was found in 1984. Uncle to the widowed Caitlin (Laura Donnelly), Simons was thought to be an informer and murdered by the IRA. In a Radio 4 interview with John Wilson, Butterworth explains that The Ferryman is guided by the idea of “vanishing”, of a “hideous absence”. Seamus Carney, the fictionalised Simons, has been missing for ten years. His wife Caitlin and their son Oisin have moved in with their in-laws, joining the main Carney clan in their fifty-acre farm in County Armagh, Northern Ireland.
Within the Carney household, Butterworth explores the complex idea of “ambiguous loss” which can manifest itself both physically and psychologically. The physical loss of Seamus is reinforced by the psychological loss of Aunt Maggie, whose dementia causes her to stay silent and detached from the events taking place around her.
The rare scenes in which Maggie regains self-awareness and talks with the Carney daughters are touching, predicting their futures in even larger families. The Ferryman is full of such domestic charm, alongside the unfolding Troubles are life-affirming rural rituals such as the annual harvest and folk dancing around the dinner table. The homely charm is made even more powerful through the use of live animals (a goose and a rabbit) and a real baby, contributing to the charming authenticity and physicality of a domestic drama. Indeed, like Butterworth’s previous Royal Court success Jerusalem (2009), The Ferryman is an intensely physical play. All my senses were twitching with excitement throughout.
By portraying a historical drama through a domestic one, Butterworth offsets personal histories against public events and traditional narratives. When the village Priest, Father Horrigan, informs the Carneys that Seamus’ dead body has been found in a bog, dispelling the decade-old rumour that he was on the run for informing British authorities about IRA plans, he destabilises the family balance. Caitlin begins to question her role as widow and mother whilst Quinn, the family father and Seamus’ brother, is forced to question his choice to live a domestic life rather than a militant one. The overriding issue of Seamus’ unburied body gains universal significance through the title’s reference to Charon, Hades’ ferryman who carries souls of the newly deceased across the rivers Styx and Acheron that divide the world of the living from the world of the dead in Book VI of the Aeneid, quoted by the family’s loveable uncle. As in Sophocles’ Antigone, the characters must find a way to mourn the death of a family member without a body to grieve.
Mendes’ production is a beautiful exercise in restraint and authenticity. Apart from the first scene, the set remains the same: the farmhouse kitchen and dining room simply change colour as the sunlight fades in and out with the action unfolding over the course of two days. The three-and-a-half hours pass in the blink of an eye as Butterworth compresses years of both political and family drama in a fast-paced narrative where voices and memories are continually juxtaposed. The fabulous cast brings out the main strength of Butterworth’s playwriting: his capacity to create characters who are both stereotypical and unpredictable.
The sentimental and demented Aunt Maggie sleeps in one corner of the room whilst the agitated, militant, fervently Republican Aunt Patricia curses Margaret Thatcher in the opposite corner. Like the Carney children, we are curious about these seemingly clichéd characters and wonder what personal histories have defined them. In one of her more lucid moments, Aunt Maggie delivers a beautiful self-reflective confession in which she explains her teenage heartbreak and Aunt Patricia’s childhood trauma to the little girls. Even the old, frail and seemingly peripheral characters of The Ferryman have their own tear-jerking epics. These back stories wouldn’t be half as moving were it not for the sheer talent of Stella McCusker (Maggie) and Sian Thomas (Patricia), who successfully portray the difficult nuances of their respective characters.
The fastest-selling play in Royal Court history, The Ferryman has been transferred to the Gielgud Theatre in the West End and is set to run until 19 May 2018.
With The Great Wave, the National brings to our attention the relatively unknown stories of Japan’s “missing people” – individuals who, it is believed, were abducted by North Korea, forced to give up their identities, and train up North Korean agents to pass off as true Japanese. A 2012 survey found that Japanese citizens were more concerned with the abductions than North Korea’s nuclear weapons programme.
The Great Wave is both relevant and immensely human in its approach to helping us understand the conflict between North Korea and the outside world, telling the story of the “missing people” through the prism of one family’s decades-long struggle to uncover the truth.
Kirsty Rider puts in a powerful performance as the abducted Hanako, who is taken from a beach at night and forced to learn Korean. The play follows her transformation from scared teenager to outwardly strong North Korean working mother and loyal citizen, with Vincent Lai shining as her fearful husband Kum-Chol.
The play begins with immersive sounds of waves and sea movements, setting the scene for the argument between sisters Reiko (Kae Alexander) and Hanako, which leads to Hanako running out of the flat and into the hands of the North Koreans. Tom Piper’s design reinforces the great wave theme with a towering series of white panels resembling the wave and the body of water and distance which comes to separate the two sisters.
The main set, a moving platform which becomes a North Korean holding cell, Hanako’s flat, the family home, and an airport arrivals lounge, is highly functional and extremely imaginative. Worth noting is the attention to detail and sensitivity of Piper’s design in ensuring that the National’s intimate Dorfman Theatre truly transports the audience to Far East Asia. It is impressive.
Indhu Rubasingham’s direction is assisted by the encapsulating floor projections of rain and waterfall produced by Fran Miller, along with the haunting music from David Shrubsole which accompanied the most moving scenes.
Tuyen Do, as the North Korean agent Jung Sun, puts in an astute performance. Despite her character’s hard exterior and unfaltering loyalty to the regime, we get a hint of sensitivity from Do and she allows us to see past her character’s two-dimensional front. The confrontation between Hanako’s mother, Etsuko (Rosalind Chao), and Do’s secret agent was perhaps the best scene in the performance, giving the audience a complete clash of cultures, identities, and outlooks as Do was seen fighting for Etsuko to believe that Hanako was happy.
Rider’s performance as Hanako is practically faultless throughout, with the final moments of the play evoking a whole host of emotions as a singular lantern is launched up towards the sky and we are forced to consider the harrowing truth that her character might never return home. This production sheds light onto a hidden narrative, showing us the true possibilities of theatre to inform and to move.
The Great Wave plays at the National Theatre’s Dorfman auditorium until 14th April, with tickets from £15.
Oxford University professor Tariq Ramadan paid a woman to stay silent about their relationship in 2015, according to Belgian judicial officials.
The president of the Court of First Instance in the Belgian capital, Luc Hennart, confirmed to AFP on Wednesday that Ramadan paid $33000 to Majda Bernoussi, a Belgian-Moroccan woman, to stop her posting details about their affair online.
Ramadan, an Oxford professor of contemporary Islamic studies, denies all the charges.
According to the Daily Mail, Hennart said a public judgement was made in Brussels in May 2015 between the professor and the women after she posted about his “psychological grip” on her.
Hennart noted that the agreement “provides that Majda Bernoussi deletes her online posts and stops publishing new ones, for a sum of money given by Tariq Ramadan.”
According to French news outlet Mediapart, the agreement also stipulated that Bernoussi would not send “offensive or threatening” messages to the professor or his family members.
Bernoussi has not made accusations of rape or sexual assault against Ramadan.
A statement by the University of Oxford at the time read: “The University has consistently acknowledged the gravity of the allegations against Professor Ramadan, while emphasising the importance of fairness and the principles of justice and due process.
“An agreed leave of absence implies no presumption or acceptance of guilt and allows Professor Ramadan to address the extremely serious allegations made against him…”
Ramadan has consistently dismissed allegations against him, noting in part that they are a smear campaign by enemies.
Having been detained in February, Ramadan was declared fit for prison later in the same month, despite reports of his suffering from multiple sclerosis and another “severe chronic illness”. The academic was hospitalised after 12 days in a Paris jail.
At the time, his family argued on their site ‘Free Tariq Ramadan’ that this decision to declare him fit was “going against science.”
University officials have voted to raise the rent on graduate accommodation by nearly 6% next year, with no new services or improvements being provided to the current accommodation.
The University’s Property Management Sub-Committee voted to raise rents for all graduate accommodation – including Castle Mill, Summertown House, and 25 Wellington Square – by 5.8%. This was despite the dissent of sole student delegate and Oxford SU VP for Charities and Community, Tom Barringer.
Oxford SU has now invited the chair of that committee – Pro-Vice-Chancellor for Planning and Resources, David Prout – to an open meeting, where students can ask him “about how this decision was made and listen to any concerns graduate students might have.”
The rent hike will only affect central University housing, likely creating greater demand for the limited college accommodation available to graduates.
Barringer told Cherwell: “This 5.8% rent increase is very concerning, especially for students who are already struggling to make ends meet in Oxford as a graduate student.
“Students are the University’s beating heart, and where the University should be investing the most. In particular, graduate students should require special attention here because of the additional challenges facing them (including typically less access to college accommodation).
“This rent increase is another worrying example of the University treating education as a market product, treating students as consumers from which to extract money and staff as precariously employed and unable even to get a decent pension.
“We would welcome all students to the SU on 4 Worcester Street on 3rd May to raise any questions or concerns they have with David Prout.”
During the 2016-17 academic year, 57% of all full-time graduate students and 70% of full-time graduate freshers were housed either by the University or in colleges.
ITV’s new installation of mannequins, positioned as though about to jump off the top of their studios, needs to be met with serious consideration of what it means to raise awareness of an issue. This includes thinking about who, amongst a potential audience, should be prioritised when it comes to their personal response.
The television network says the statues are intended to raise awareness about high male suicide rates. There are 84 figures, to represent the 84 men who take their own lives each week in Britain. The installation is part of a campaign called Project 84, and is being run in collaboration with mental health charity CALM. The campaign aims to provoke the government into improving suicide prevention support for men and to engage with the public on the issue. The chief executive of CALM said, ‘We wanted to make the scale of the situation very clear to everyone that sees the sculptures.’
These are important aims, but crucially the project neglects to consider the impact this installation will have on people actually at risk of suicide.
More than fifty studies worldwide have found that the risk of additional suicides increases when news stories explicitly describe or include photos of methods of suicide, according to the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (AFSP). The Netflix show ‘13 Reasons Why’ received widespread criticism for showing how the protagonist killed herself for this very reason. And yet ITV’s installation has been met with praise, despite depicting a method of suicide in a public space where people cannot choose what they see – unlike with television. After all, it is “raising awareness”.
But what are the statues actually raising awareness of? Suicide and its particular prevalence amongst men is not a problem people are unaware of, even if many may not know the exact 84-a-week statistic. What is really needed is awareness about what leads to suicide and its inflated risk among men, what friends and families can do, and, most importantly, what help is available. The frightening and hopeless spectacle of what seems like men about to jump achieves none of this.
As someone who has post-traumatic stress disorder after supporting a suicidal friend for a long period, for me what started as a pleasant walk along the Southbank ended in humiliating public flashbacks and trying to find an alternative route on my return journey. I can only imagine the impact the installation could have on those currently struggling with suicidal ideation. At the very least, it makes the Southbank less accessible for mentally ill people – and at worse, as the AFSP makes very clear, even exacerbate the problem they are trying to prevent.
Although clearly done with a very different intent, I had hoped we would have learnt from the stupidity of YouTuber Logan Paul – who filmed the corpse of a suicide victim – that raising awareness is not a good enough excuse for making a spectacle of an individual’s pain, particularly if it is likely to be to the detriment of others who are also at risk from suicide.
Suicide, and its high rates among men, is a serious and pressing issue, and the campaign is right to aim to raise public awareness and spur the government to action. Mental health services are particularly underfunded within our squeezed NHS, and this must be addressed. However, when attempting to campaign for the issue, we must not prioritise long term goals over the immediate wellbeing of those they claim to support.
When freshers arrive at Oxford, they are given all sorts of reading material to sink their teeth into. Pidges are filled with copies of the college rules, a guide lovingly prepared by freshers’ reps, and maybe even a copy of Cherwell’s sister publication, Keep off the Grass.
But 35 years ago, ‘freshmen’ were given a copy of The Little Blue Book, an unassuming, 60-page handbook that JCRs arranged to be pidged to them. The introduction to the 1983 edition makes no bones about its contents: “This booklet is about sexuality,” it says.
“It was originally written, by students for students, because it had been estimated that 60% of students who have intercourse take NO contraceptive precautions the first time,” the introduction continues.
“Over 30% of students have never had sexual intercourse when they leave university. While we realise that many students will have no immediate need for the information in this book, we hope that the content will be of interest to all.
“It has been impossible to write this book without expressing, to some extent, our moral standpoint. Some will disagree with us; sexuality should be a matter for responsible individual choice.”
After a trawl through the archives, Cherwell can reveal its wide-ranging advice on contraception, sexuality, and unwanted pregnancies, and while The Little Blue Book’s conclusions are often outdated, baffling, and at times hilarious, there are many areas in which it is clear that little has changed.
Sexual Behaviour
Following a diagram-filled section on anatomy and physiology, the booklet moves on to talk about sexuality and the importance of openness. While it may have been written some 35 years ago, much of the section’s contents rings true today.
“Unfortunately, few people are able to talk easily and honestly about their sexual feelings,” it reads. “This leads some people to feel that every sexual relationship should involve intercourse.
A key feature of The Little Blue Book is its focus on openness and dialogue within relationships.
“It is often difficult to talk to your partner about what gives you pleasure and there is often an unspoken feeling that sex ought to come naturally and that talking about it takes away the romance,” it claims.
“You may feel very vulnerable in indicating what gives you pleasure; will your partner like doing it, or mind? Will he or she feel hurt at having to be told? Usually it is reassuring to know that the things you do give pleasure and are also mutually stimulating.
“Intercourse may be a great disappointment,” it reminds its readers. “Patience, good humour and understanding usually overcome these difficulties, and most people find their sexual relationships improve with experience.
“It is unfortunate that embarrassment prevents people from seeking help, such that they have to put up with a state of affairs which may be making them very unhappy.”
Homosexuality
A list of hotlines and societies for students to discuss their sexuality
This section proves very interesting, both in legal and political terms. For a start, it serves as a stark reminder that in the 1980s, the LGBTQ+ community faced significant discrimination from UK law.
“Homosexual acts involving men under the age of 21 are illegal, whilst the age of consent for heterosexual intercourse is 16,” the booklet says. Indeed, it is easy to forget that it was only in 2001 that the age of consent was finally equalised; until that point, it had always been higher for gay men.
“Anal intercourse, which is illegal between a man and a woman, is legal between consenting males over the age of 21 in private. In England and Wales homosexual acts (which may even be taken to include holding hands) are illegal in public,” the section continues. “In Northern Ireland homosexual acts are illegal at any age, even in private. For historical reasons lesbians are not encumbered by these legal restrictions, but all-purpose charges are available should the police feel they are needed.”
But the editorial team is firm in its stance that the law was unjust, and encourages students to be open-minded about their own sexuality.
“Homosexuality may be a possibility in all of us and the point at which we label someone a homosexual is arbitrary. It is only one aspect of you, and does not define you.
“Unfortunately, society has a long way to go before accepting sexual contact between two people of the same sex. We are all under pressure to devalue, supress [sic], and conceal any homosexual elements of our nature, even those who feel firmly heterosexual.
“Intolerance and discrimination against homosexuals means that many gays have to be secretive about their feelings and lie to their employers, family, friends and even themselves. Discrimination is faced in jobs, accommodation and social life.
“This is an unacceptable feature of society and it is only by being open about one’s feelings that social attitudes can be changed.”
The booklet also provided students with ‘further reading’ regarding sexuality, and a list of contact numbers if they wished to discuss their feelings. These includes hotlines called ‘Gay Icebreakers’, ‘Gay Switchboard’, and ‘Oxford Lesbian Line’, as well as an advertisement for ‘Oxford Gaysoc’, the precursor to the University’s LGBTQ+ Society.
Contraception
A diagram of various forms of contraception
If The Little Blue Book is anything to go by, first-year students often arrived in Oxford with some confused views about contraception: “Taking risks and keeping your fingers crossed is not a form of contraception,” it reminded them.
It goes on to list various contraceptive methods, but it is the section entitled ‘useless methods’ which is the most eye-opening as to what freshers might have considered sufficient.
It gives rightly damning verdicts on methods including douching (“this is not a means of contraception”) and the ‘sponge method’ (“not only is it ineffective but it may interfere with intercourse”), but three more alarming options are also outlined.
Regarding ‘coitus reservatus (or holding back)’, the Blue Book reads: “In theory the man is not meant to ejaculate at intercourse. No doubt reservatus often turns into interruptus and it is a very frustrating form of contraception which is most unlikely to succeed.”
On coitus saxonicus, it says: “In theory, one is meant to divert the semen into the bladder instead of through the penis. In practice not only is it painful but also does not work.”
And finally, on the ‘cling film’ method: “This is used in much the same way as a sheath [condom], except with a rubber band to keep the film on. This is unreliable and probably extremely uncomfortable.”
The editors dispel a few final myths at the end of the chapter.
“Some couples think that they will be safe if they have intercourse standing up, or if the woman sneezes, coughs hard, or holds her breath during the man’s orgasm. In addition, there are some people who falsely believe that women will not conceive if they don’t have an orgasm, or if they get up immediately after intercourse and walk around, jump up and down, or urinate.”
We can only hope that the Oxford students are better informed.
Pregnancy and abortion
A map of the city’s family planning clinics
The Little Blue Book’s exploration of these topics largely involves a list and a map of the nine family planning clinics in the city at the time.
However, it also offers some advice to undergraduates who find themselves with unwanted pregnancies. “Society is still such that it is difficult for a single parent to bring up a child,” it says. “The conditions for the availability of abortion are still under debate – the availability varies enormously from area to area.”
Again showing their progressive ideas, the editorial team champion the 1967 Abortion Act, which legalised abortion in the UK. They write that the act was “thought to have greatly reduced the number of illegal or do-it-yourself abortions,” and advise students on how to terminate a pregnancy if they wish to do so.
STDs
The introduction to the ‘STDs’ section of The Little Blue Book
The booklet’s guide to sexually transmitted diseases is thorough and largely accurate, although its description of AIDS shows that even in 1983, there was a huge societal stigma about the illness.
“In recent years this serious and usually fatal condition has been reported, usually in promiscuous homosexual men, heroin users, haemophiliacs and Haitians – and their sexual partners,” it claims.
“The cause and the mode of transmission are unknown, but it appears to be spread in the same way as Hepatitis B, possibly by an as yet unidentified virus. The normal body defences of those affected are severely reduced, so sufferers tend to develop skin cancers and overwhelming infections.
“There is no known treatment as yet but research is being actively undertaken.”
Rape and sexual violence
An extract of the booklet’s section on sexual violence and rape
The book outlines the legal descriptions of rape and sexual assault, and offer advice to female students as to how they can avoid attacks.
“One would not want women to curtail their social activities in order to minimise the danger of assault,” it reads. “Nevertheless some steps can be taken to reduce the risk.”
It advised the following:
Where possible don’t walk alone after dark
Always be alert and don’t be reluctant to take evasive action such as running away or crossing the road to avoid a “suspicious” person
Avoid short-cuts and dark deserted areas such as car parks and subways
Walk facing the traffic and do not hitch-hike alone
Carry a torch and whistle or alarm after dark
To avoid delay keep your keys in your hand when approaching vehicle or home.
If attacked SCREAM and SHOUT as loud as you can.
In the midst of the #IBelieveHer movement, the editorial view is particularly interesting.
“Although the police and courts are now adopting fairer and more compassionate attitude to the victim, many women report that giving evidence and facing cross-examination are nearly as distressing as the assault,” the booklet reads.
“The majority of rapes are not reported; possibly because such a high proportion of attackers are known to their victims.”
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The Little Blue Book was written and published by the WOLS Committee of the Oxford University Medical Society, and the editorial team (made up of six women and one man) expressed their thanks to Green College – which merged with Templeton College in 2008 – in the acknowledgements section.
Its editor in 1983 was Gillian Lockwood, who is now a leading specialist in fertility treatment. She has been contacted for comment.
