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5 minute tute: Professor Joseph Conlon strings together string theory

Cherwell
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5 minute tute: Professor Joseph Conlon strings together string theory

String theory is a term that brings with it an aura of mysticism. One of the most famous ideas in modern physics and also one of the most confusing, string theory’s reputation is infamous. Talking to Professor Joseph Conlon, a theoretical physicist at New College and author of Why String Theory?, we find out more.

C: What is string theory?

JC: That’s a big question. String theory started off as a proposed fundamental theory of physics—the idea that all particles are, at small enough scales, vibrating strings. It’s grown in practice to be much more than that, and it’s seen now as a whole complex of ideas that stretch across and between both physics and mathematics. While they’ve been aspired to, they’re not necessarily reliant on the idea that at the smallest possible scale what you’d see are vibrating strings.

C: What is a string?

JC: It’s actually the same thing as your conventional image of a string. It’s something that has tension, meaning as you pull it the energy increases with the tension. They’re quantum mechanical, relativistic strings—so they’re moving at the speed of light and you have to treat them with quantum mechanics rather than classical mechanics. But at heart, they are just strings, and if you were to pull them larger and larger, their behaviour would map onto your intuition of the classical behaviour of a string.

C: What sets string theory apart from other theories of quantum gravity? 

JC: Something like the standard model of particle physics, for example, is something that’s very much experimentally confirmed. String theory, as a theory of fundamental physics, sits in this class of ideas of what goes beyond what is currently confirmed. To return to the question of what sets string theory apart from other theories of quantum gravity—it’s the way string theory has connected to so many other questions of interest. So this is why far more people work on string theory than any other theory of quantum gravity. Most people who work on it, including myself, don’t do so because their main focus is quantum gravity—it’s because string theory gives them insights into, tools, or ways of thinking about other problems they’re interested in, because of this very rich mathematical structure that string theory contains.

C: Why does string theory require so many dimensions?

JC: There’s a technical answer which is that, if you look at the equations, you realize that if you have flat dimensions, something goes wrong. There’s what’s called an anomaly, the equations don’t work unless you have a specific number of spatial dimensions—not more and not less. Rather surprisingly, all the equations don’t work unless you have ten dimensions.

C: Is there any hope in the future of having evidence that suggest that these dimensions exist?

JC: There’s little hope in the immediate future of having something like a definite up or down test for string theory. There’s quite a lot of ideas where you can think about string inspired plausible chains of reasoning, which are ideas that, if you weren’t thinking about a theory as fundamentally higher dimensional, you wouldn’t be particularly led to thinking about these things, but they give you a very good motivation. One example is particles like axions—I think about how you might observe these using astrophysical observations—these arise very naturally in string theory, and in string theory you can get lots of axions.

It’s not a logical consistency requirement, but it’s something which string theory suggests should be naturally true about our universe: it motivates us to think about how we can observe them.

C: Have there been any results so far to suggest that string theory is the underlying theory of matter?

JC: Not experimentally, no.

C: Why are so many physicists excited by string theory?

JC: The reason is because it’s proved to be such a rich complex of ideas that stretch across things like particle physics, mathematics, quantum field theory, and cosmology—it provides ways of thinking, specific computational tools, and insights which draw things together. It can be many things to many people—even if you’re not that interested in quantum gravity you can still get things out of string theory that you can use for your own interest.

And this is why so many people work in string theory, because it provides something for them: it’s not necessarily because they have a deep fas- cination with solving the problems of quantum gravity.

To find out more about, visit whystringtheory.com and purchase Professor Conlon’s book, ‘Why String Theory?’, available now on Amazon UK.

Oxford University Hospitals “on alert” following global ransomware attack

Jack Hunter
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Oxford University Hospitals “on alert” following global ransomware attack

Oxford University Hospitals are “on alert” following the global ransomware cyber attack that has infected tens of thousands of computers in almost 100 countries, a spokesperson has said.

“We were notified yesterday by NHS Digital about the cyber attacks on the NHS and we are on alert at present,” said Peter Knight, Chief Information and Digital Officer of Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.

He added: “So far, our strong security measures are holding solid. We continue to closely monitor the situation and have asked staff to be vigilant. Protecting patient information is our top priority.”

Despite concerns that the University’s internal emailing system may have been affected by the breach, there have been “no reported issues” so far, a University source said.

Students at some colleges have been instructed to update computers and be “extra cautious” with email attachments. Computers running software older than the latest version of Windows and Apple OS X are susceptible to the threat.

In an email to Somerville students, the College IT Support officers said: “We are taking steps to double check that Somerville has the latest security patches installed on all the College servers and computers.”

The email recommended that students ensure their software is up to date and update anti-virus software. It told students to “update [your] computers and be extra cautious with email attachments.”

There are concerns that once installed on a network PC, the malware will spread to other computers connect to the University’s server. It is believed that the threat, which has caused a reported 45,000 attacks worldwide, is spread through spread initially via infected email attachments. 

A University spokesperson said: “The University takes a vigilant approach to  information security and has been monitoring for the threat of a similar attack since Friday afternoon.

“At this point there is no evidence of an attack against the University, nor is there any evidence of malware infections. However the University will continue to monitor the situation and is ready to respond if required.

“Guidance has been provided to IT staff to apply critical updates recently released by Microsoft, and to staff and students to remain vigilant and to be cautious of phishing and malicious emails.”
 

The attack has affected businesses and government offices from Mexico to Russia on Friday, with experts, including the European security organisation, Interpol, calling it the biggest ransomware outbreak ever.

Computers at NHS hospitals and GP surgeries were amongst those hit by the malware, which blocks access to any files on a PC until a ransom is paid.

Royal Society recognition for University academics

Katherine Pye
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Royal Society recognition for University academics

Professor Tony Bell, Professor Yvonne Jones, Professor Alison Noble, Professor Yadvinder Malhi, Professor Sir Nigel Shadbolt and Professor Hugh Watkins have become fellows at the Royal Society, following in the footsteps of the likes of Stephen Hawking and Isaac Newton.

Venki Ramakrishnan, President of the Royal Society, said: “The new Fellows of the Royal Society have already contributed much to science and it gives me great pleasure to welcome them into our ranks.”

Professor Tony Bell from the Department of Physics has undertaken pioneering work into astrophysical and laser-produced plasmas. He told Cherwell: “This recognition of my research gives me a warm sense of satisfaction. It’s more than I expected when I started out 40 years ago.”

Professor Yvonne Jones leads the Cancer Research UK Receptor Structure Research Group, which focuses on the structural biology of extracellular recognition and signalling complexes.

She is also Deputy Director at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics.

She said: “I am thrilled and honoured to be elected FRS.

“Since starting my laboratory in Oxford in 1991 I have been very fortunate to work with some wonderful graduate students, postdocs and colleagues. I am very glad that we have been able to add to the long history of Oxford structural biologists advancing biomedical research.”

Professor Sir Nigel Shadbolt, Principal of Jesus College and Professorial Research Fellow in Computer Science, made significant contributions to Artificial Intelligence and is an international leader in the field of open data.

He told Cherwell: “It is a fantastic privilege to be elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. As a young student, I never dreamt of such a possibility. I have been fortunate, I have worked with great colleagues and have seen the areas of AI and computer science that I research grow dramatically.”

Professor Hugh Watkins is the Head of the Radcliffe Department of Medicine and Honorary Consultant in Cardiology and General Medicine, and has has a major impact in medicine using molecular genetic analysis of cardiovascular disease to identify disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets.

Warkins said: “I am excited and honoured to have been elected as a fellow of the Royal Society. Not many clinical academics achieve this and for me it has been possible because I am fortunate to work with many exceptional colleagues. Our work really has improved the way we look after patients with inherited heart disease, and that is a privilege.”

The two other professors awarded the fellowship are Professor Alison Noble and Professor Yadvinder Malhi. Professor Noble is the Technikos Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Oxford University, and is raising the profile of ultrasound imaging in biomedical image analysis. Professor Malhi, based in the School of Geography and the Environment, is a leader in promoting the conservation of forests through research collaboration and capacity building in tropical countries.

Both were contacted for comment.

Oxford students take on Tories over cuts to art funding

Jordan Bernstein
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Oxford students take on Tories over cuts to art funding

A group of Oxford University Fine Art students staged an ‘Open Source Artists’ exhibition this week to encourage more awareness of the need for art in the school curriculum. The project follows prolonged and severe cuts to arts education at a national level.

The exhibition, closing today, was set up at the Oxford Academy, following a visit by Fine Art student Jose Mario Dello. Following the visit, Dello took to getting support from some of his fellow Art undergraduates.

The Oxford Academy’s Head of Art, Jaclyn Wiid, said arts teaching was being “pushed out”. She added: “We are very fortunate in that we still offer arts and graphic subjects at GCSE whereas other schools have cut the subjects completely.”

Wiid’s comments reflect concerns over cut-backs in creative funding in schools across the state sector. Between 2010 and 2015, funding to Arts Council England was cut by 32 per cent, with local authority arts funding cut by £56 million across the UK.

16 students from Oxford University took part in the exhibition. One of them, Suzy Vanezis, said: “I thought the launch went really well. You don’t have to be traditionally good at drawing or painting to be an artist.

“Some of the students weren’t very impressed but that was the whole point of it really. We wanted to shock and subvert the idea of what art is; that’s what sparks curiosity.”

Coming to the rescue: Scientists use magnetic sperm to combat cancer

Jonathan Stark
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Coming to the rescue: Scientists use magnetic sperm to combat cancer

A German research team have been testing an unorthodox way of delivering drugs to cancer tumours—by putting drugs inside living sperm cells.

A common problem in the fight against cancer is delivering medication to the right spots in the body. Methods such as traditional chemotherapy can be very effective in destroying cancer, but can seriously damage the rest of the body. For this reason new methods of precise drug delivery are being developed all the time: from antibodies loaded with medication to specially engineered nanoparticles, and even combinations of both.

Mariana Medina-Sánchez and her team focused on a particularly unique solution to this problem which they think may be applicable to gynaecological cancers—harnessing the natural mobility of sperm cells to do their bidding. Attaching iron-coated caps onto the sperm cells, the team were able to guide the sperm cells through magnets from outside the body, precisely controlling where they were led.

They noted that in addition to the ability of the sperm to move quickly to the right spot, living cells have a better chance of successfully delivering treatment into the tumour cells than an artificial nanostructure, as they are more compatible with the cells to which they are delivering their payload. While bacteria have also been suggested as carriers for the same reason, they are problematic since they can often provoke a hostile response from the immune system of the patient thus jeopardising the delivery.

In order to make sure the cells reach their targets, the team designed a cylindrical tube which fits snugly over the sperm heads and is equipped with a simple system of four ‘arms’ which, when they come into contact with a cell wall, eject the sperm out of the front of the tube and into the cell. These microstructures, called ‘tetrapods’, were printed and coated with a thin layer of iron which allowed them to be guided accurately by magnets from a distance.

After being fitted with the caps, the bovine sperm (chosen for its similar shape and size to human sperm) were directed towards a culture of HeLa cells (artificially grown human cells), carrying a traditional chemotherapy drug. The team found that they could control the direction of the sperm very effectively, and after 72 hours found that the drug-loaded sperm had successfully killed 87 per cent of the HeLa cells, a significant improvement over those cells which were simply left in a solution of the same drug. Interestingly, the trial with sperm cells which did not carry any drugs also killed a small number of cells through damage caused by the sperm entering the cell wall.

The team acknowledges that there are still some hurdles to overcome, such as decreasing the chance of the synthetic tetrapod disintegrating during the process, but they believe it could be used to great effect not just in efficiently treating cancer in the reproductive tract, but also in other diseases which can be treated in the same area, such as pelvic inflammatory diseases.

The method may seem bizarre, but it is proving effective because delivering a payload is precisely what sperm cells were designed to do, and it shows. They are very mobile, they completely encase and protect the drugs inside them, they are very good at working with other human cells, and they have an ability to fuse into the cell wall. If further tests prove successful, the humble sperm cell could have a remarkable new job saving lives as well as creating them.

Music without Borders

Prateek Alkesh
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Music without Borders

As I look forward to going back home to India I find myself listening to Bollywood music more often. Perhaps my mind is subconsciously hyping me up for the overdue return.

A particular kind of Bollywood music that puts me at ease is the one that is inspired by Sufi music, the devotional music of the Islamic mystics. It has long been a staple of Indian music, introduced by the Mughals in the 16th century of the Common Era. Initially sung in religious settings by followers of a certain sect of Islam, this music is now blasted on car stereos, in nightclubs, and performed live by fusion bands at festivals.

Sufi music manifests itself in many forms, though its most recognisable elements include the accompanying harmonium or percussion. These instruments feature to give the singer’s voice a unique melodic character that helps augment the stretched harmonics used to set the stage before going on to the main stanzas in the song.The music almost always references bonding through love, drawing from the early twelfth century mystics who believed that they could attain inner peace through emotionally charged singing and dancing. Now however, the lyrics are far removed from religion or spirituality. Significant others, lost lovers, and even alcohol are more common topics.

A ghazal is a poetic form associated with Sufi music with poetic couplets and a refrain, usually sung solo, often used in Bollywood movies. It is specifically written from the point of view of the unrequited lover, expressing the pain of loss, and the beauty of love in spite of the pain. Ghazals regularly feature in rom-coms and dramas alike to break the narrative and to provide emphasis at significant plot points. Given that most Bollywood movies concern some (tolerably) cheesy romance, ghazals make up a fair chunk of the charts on a regular basis.

After a noticeable lull in the genre in the 70s, Sufi music has been revived by artists like Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, his nephew Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, and Kailash Kher, who have collaborated with others to release contemporary albums.They lead bands that are inspired by early Sufi musicians, taking lyrics for ancient ballads but adding modern flair to transform ordinary songs into masterpieces that are cool enough for the young but still hold deep meaning for the oldies. Incidentally, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan and The Fusion Project will be performing at the Sheldonian on 25 May this year, and I have no doubt that it will be a full house.

Sufi music is widely-liked for the aura of mystery that shrouds the genre. Most Sufi music is written in Urdu, which shares most of the language structure with Hindi, but uses words derived from Arabic that aren’t colloquially used. Urdu crams emotion into far fewer words than it is possible in Hindi, further adding to the poetic charm of the composition while catering to the personal interpretations of every listener.

Artists and audiences famously have shed many tears after becoming overwhelmed with emotion during performances, showing just how much power it holds on both sides of the stage. These songs linger on in one’s mind for much longer than the movies they feature in, and the public feel a deep connection with this form of art. They would certainly be on my playlist to lessen the pain of the gruelling flight back home.

Oxford Union: University should not be a safe space

Jordan Bernstein
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Oxford Union: University should not be a safe space

By a clear majority of 33 for and 267 against, and following a tense debate, the Oxford Union on Thursday evening voted against the motion ‘This House Believes A University Must Be A Safe Space’.

Spectators spoke of long delays leaving the debating chamber, due to the much longer queue to file out the door marked ‘Noes’, in accordance with the Union’s voting rules.

Despite calls from Librarian-Elect Melissa Hinkley, the student leader for the Propostion, that many students would be “afraid and angry” that such a debate was even taking place, as it risked their “identities becoming academic debate”, the floor was won over by the arguments of the Opposition, led by first year PPEist Molly Greenwood.

Katie Hopkins had been due to speak at the debate, but according to a statement from the Union, she was “sent to cover the French election and subsequent reaction”. Replacing her, human rights campaigner Peter Tatchell drew rapturous applause as he spoke of “exposing” radicalism and bigotry with free and open debate.

Daily Mail columnist Peter Hitchens said his views on a range of issues, such as marriage, “would offend a great many people”, but claimed that if the possibility of offense were allowed to limit freedom to speak, we would slowly but surely lose “the freedom to think”.

In conversation with Jacob Williams, of ‘Open Oxford’ and ‘No Offence’

Maxim Parr-Reid
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In conversation with Jacob Williams, of ‘Open Oxford’ and ‘No Offence’

How do we reconcile freedom of speech in our universities with the desire to avoid causing offence?

One of the most burning questions in uni­versities today is how to protect freedom of speech, without creating a platform for those who hold extreme and hateful viewpoints.

With the advent of social media, the con­versation (in terms of free speech) has moved online.

In light of this, groups such Open Oxford and latterly the Young Liberal Society have been set up, ostensibly as forum to discuss issues couched in the theme of ‘free speech’.

The most prominent of these is Open Oxford. I couldn’t help wondering why Jacob Wil­liams, the group’s founder, took the decision to set up such a forum, especially since it has often become mired in controversy, including most recently with a UKIP leadership hopeful trading blows with students.

I asked Jacob Williams why he set up the group in the first place: “At the time I set up Open Oxford,” Williams tells me, “the Univer­sity was dominated by a climate of extreme intolerance and ideological conformity. It served its purpose of bringing alternative positions within the pale of conceivability.”

Clearly, the group was perceived as playing some role to advance the cause of ‘free speech’, however Williams is far less sanguine about its future: “I no longer think it’s particularly important. It’s been in decline for some time and is now basically irrelevant”.

Williams later suggested how Oxford could preserve freedom of speech: “The University should oppose and condemn all attempts to restrict or punish people for the content of their speech. It should also make the pursuit of ‘viewpoint diversity’ in all areas of its aca­demic and political life a guiding principle”

Jacob Williams spoke frequently about what he saw as a “ruling ideology” and the role played by free speech in subjecting “a ruling ideology” to “rational critique”.

How the university can be subject to critique by an online forum is far from clear, although Williams seems optimistic about the function free speech serves in this respect.

No Offence, the magazine founded by Wil­liams, is not short of its own controversy. Deemed ‘too offensive’ for the 2015 Fresher’s Fair by OUSU, 150 copies of it were confiscated by the Thames Valley Police, following a com­plaint from students.

The magazine contained a graphic description of abortion and a defence of colonialism, and is now available online.

Shed your prejudice and free the Croc

Chloe Dootson-Graube
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Shed your prejudice and free the Croc

Among stylish circles, there is nothing more detested than the Croc. It has been a personal puzzle to me throughout my long and time-worn years, and today I set out to solve that puzzle. What better place to do it, than in the hallowed pages of the Cherwell Fashion section? With this mystery in hand, I approached my editor. “Ellie,” I said. “I’ve had a fantastic idea. I want to write about Crocs. I want to save them. I want to give Crocs back their good name.” To which she replied, “Haha ok,” because this was a conversation we were having over Facebook, and “Haha ok” is the best way of humouring a mad person, who wants to do a dead serious exposé on shoes made out of plastic. So onwards we go.

2007 was a good year for Crocs. They were selling 50 million pairs a year, and had grossed a whopping $850 dollars in proceeds. ‘Crocs’ was the name on everybody’s lips: it was their veritable halcyon days. 2017, however, less so. To mention the word ‘Crocs’ in polite conversation will inevitably draw pained expressions, faux retching, flat out distaste or even some combination of all three. When Christopher Kane sent girls down the runway in embellished marbled Crocs for his SS17 collection, it was met mostly with derision, and begrudging attempts by publications such as Vogue and ManRepeller to put them to the test.

Photography & editing by Zoe Harris-Wallis

This coaxes the question: what happened? From whence did this vitriol come? Some would argue that the hatred for Crocs is more than just skin deep. Just as ‘dutty’ hoops and tracksuits were once hated for their association with the working class (until very recently they were the hallmark of the quintessentially ‘chavvy’ wardrobe, and therefore the subject of related ridicule), could the hatred for Crocs be politically motivated? It seems unlikely. Crocs, as I can now attest, are somewhat pricey and moreover, if genuine, something of a luxury item. To six-year-old me a pair of genuine Crocs generated the same level of awe that a pineapple did for inhabitants of sixteenth century England—they were rare, exotic, and pretty damn snazzy, to use the vernacular of the times.

Is it because they are uncomfortable? Or because they have adverse health effects? Having worn them for a week I can strongly confirm that the porous Croslite (C) soles are most definitely a treat for your podiatric regions. Moreover, any news of related orthopaedic disaster (such as the revelation that they may cause long term foot damage) arose only last year, far after the apex of Crocs’ demise. Is it possible, then, that Crocs are hated purely because they are ugly? In a climate where pool sliders and Birkenstocks (other shoes also once maligned for their apparent hideousness) have made riotous comebacks, such thinking seems bizarre. ‘It’s got to be because they’re fundamentally a bourgeois, centre-right shoe,’ said a friend, without any clarification. “Right,” I swiftly replied. Because I had no idea on what grounds he could possibly be basing this accused political agency, and I did not want to hear the name of Crocs besmirched so.

The political leanings of Crocs aside, I decided the only way to answer the question of their demise was to attain empirical data first-hand, by dedicating my own feet to a week of Crocs. Many people had lots of highly questionable things to say: ‘What are those?’, ‘I refuse to be associated with you until you take those off’, and ‘why have you done this?’ all featured. Some were more complimentary. ‘How high fashion’ said the people who are not sufficiently close enough to be comfortable savaging me. They drew the admiration of an acquaintance at college who is colloquially known as ‘Nike Jesus’. Many a man told me that they ‘rate that so highly,’ which was rather satisfying, but did lead me to question whether it was the Crocs that they admired or the fact that I was wearing an entirely sheer shirt. I was tagged in seven different memes about Crocs. A visiting friend of a friend dubbed me ‘the Croc lady,’ and thus my name was symbollically changed in the group chat.

But do Crocs have sartorial merit aside from working as an offbeat conversation piece? They certainly have practical merit. “One time, my dog Kevin was choking in the garden,” one friend reported. “Had I taken the time to put on real shoes, instead of Crocs, he may not be with us today.” But as a fashion item? I would argue that in today’s world, where they are met with such unashamed levels of venomous contempt, they are the ultimate statement. They promptly do-away with any debates regarding comfort versus fashion: they are both bold, a bright statement and a great footwear choice to cozy tootsies on bitter cold days.

The fact that they are so ‘unfashionable’ in fact automatically renders them high fashion. In today’s environment, I believe that Crocs are the single best investment, and the single most fashionable thing you can wear. Free the croc!

 

Free speech at university has a storied past

Akshay Bilolikar
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Free speech at university has a storied past

Anybody who looks into the history of uni­versities in the Western world, not least in Great Britain, can tell you of their origins in the established church. In the eleventh century, as Oxford University first began its teaching, the private halls existed to teach the nation’s second sons—and it was just sons—the theory and the practices of the contemporary Catholic Church.

The idea of universities as a haven for freedom of expression would have seemed totally alien to the medieval scholar. Though members of the University had, by statute, certain rights not pos­sessed by ordinary citizens, these were linked to the religious nature of the institution and not to preconceived notions of the place of the univer­sity in public life. Most topics remained beyond the realm of scholarly discussion: from the Pope’s supremacy to the King’s authority, the universi­ties did not always harbour enlightenment ideals.

The change began slowly, and it began on the continent. In 1516, just one year before Corpus Christi was founded, the Dutch humanist Eras­mus published The Education of a Christian Prince. Written as a book of advice for new rulers, Eras­mus argued that “in a free state, tongues too should be free.” His humanist ideals are not much heeded: the book is published just as the era of religious persecution begins in earnest across Europe.

Nevertheless, moves towards free expression start to pick up pace as the Renaissance continues. By 1644, John Milton publishes a pamphlet argu­ing for toleration, claiming in his Areopagitica: “The liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, [is] above all liberties.” The Glorious Revolution, 45 years on, confirms “freedom of speech” in parliament with the eleva­tion of William and Mary to the throne.

For much of this era, however, the universities remained behind the rest of society in free speech terms. As late as 1866, a person could only receive a degree from Oxford if they were a member of the Church of England: only a decade prior had fellows and professors been released from an obligation to be ordained ministers. Piecemeal change followed in the early twentieth century as compulsory daily worship was abolished and women’s colleges given statutes.

By the mid-twentieth century, the acceptabil­ity of freedom of expression in universities was beyond doubt. After the turmoil of the war and subsequent austerity, the reaction of students in the 1960s to perceived injustices abroad and at home led to protests across Europe. This was, however, accepted: in policy terms, little may have changed, but the voice of students was as clear as ever.

Universities, by the late twentieth century, were places for young people to exit their comfort zones and be challenged by new ideas. Few believe free­dom of speech rights are under serious threat: a survey by The Atlantic last year revealed that 73 per cent of American students believed freedom of speech was secure or very secure. Whatever the reality may be, we have still come a long way since our universities were first founded.

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