Monday, May 5, 2025
Blog Page 914

Home is where the art is: Helen Pinkney

Bill Freeman
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Home is where the art is: Helen Pinkney

On the wall of my room in Brasenose hangs a framed watercolour of Old Quad with the Radcliffe Camera behind. Back at home, in front of a large high resolution photograph of a bud on the cusp of opening, there sits a birthday card composed of 18 busts of Homer, each with a candle emerging from the top of his head. A large print portraying a bent metal teapot amid a forest of stalks and leaves hangs above the armchair in the sitting room. I am dog-walking on a misty morning with the artist behind these works: Helen Pinkney—my artist-godmother.

Amused at my sudden formality when I ask her a clumsy question about her beginnings as an artist, she recalls how her father, a furniture designer, used to make her playdough. The giraffe she formed at the age of 3 hinted at future proficiency in the field of ceramics—this early masterpiece prompted her mother to run down the street, displaying it proudly to the neighbours. More mature creations include the sculptures of chickens she used to own, poking out from the shrubbery, and later still, a series of abstract ceramics.

She objects to my use of the word ‘abstract’, insofar as it implies divorce from reality as it first appears. She has held true to a precept learnt from her father: “Never make up a line”. Every curve, every pattern is derived from some wave or leaf recorded in her sketchbook. Keeping each piece grounded in observation results in a strong sense of the “spirit of a place” running through her work.

Looking at my Brasenose watercolour, I am amazed at how she can suggest depth and detail with very few strokes. Helen leaves gaps for the mind to fi ll, and in so doing allows it to inhabit the space she observes.

Her style is intimately connected with a wish to record, as she says, “physical space and movement through it”. This is a way we can make sense of our lives. The path she pots is principally understood in terms of cycles of destruction and renewal, explored recently in her exhibition Things Fall Apart. Here, a kiln malfunction which left several pieces warped was accommodated as the presence of the title in both process and product—a demonstration of ruin’s productive potential.

Just as Ai Weiwei pronounced one of his sculptures more beautiful after it had been demolished by strong winds, so Helen, unlike so many artists of the “join-the-dots” school, allows the character of her material and its response to circumstance to actually have a voice in her art.

The title “Things Fall Apart” comes from the third line of Yeats’ “The Second Coming”.
During our brief conversation, we touch also on Ted Hughes, Alice Oswald, and J.M. Barrie.
Helen’s ability to draw just as easily from the chickens in her garden as from Yeats’s cosmological model of widening gyres is symptomatic of the artist’s condition. She suffers, she tells me, from “a compulsion to create things all the time”. Long may it afflict her.

‘Enter First Lobster’

Miriam Nemmaoui
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‘Enter First Lobster’

I have never been in a play. Fourteen years of state school education, and my  only acting experience is from faking injuries to skive PE. Most people make their acting debut in their primary school nativity play as a sheep, or if you were lucky, Mary. Despite being the best choice to play Mary (I’m an Arab and literally named after her), the teachers always gave the part to one of the cute blonde girls. Once the lead roles had been dished out, the class was divided into those who could sing, and those who couldn’t. I was stuck in the sweaty ranks of the choir for every primary school show, de- prived of the chance to star as mute donkey. I’m not bitter at all.

In secondary school, it got no better. Drama lessons were just one hour every two weeks, and since the drama teacher was on maternity leave, we were stuck with supply teachers who made us play pointless drama games instead of actually ever doing any act- ing, directing, or writing ourselves. The closest we got to real acting was reading parts of An Inspector Calls aloud in English class. Friends had tragically relatable anecdotes: “the teacher would say, ‘let’s pretend to be a sweet in a sweetshop… how would a sweet be moving?’ I always wanted to work from real scripts and put on plays instead”.

Drama games can be great teaching aids, although I’m not sure how a sweet would be moving, especially for warming up the class and getting the shy students to open up. But this kind of drama can’t make up for the ex- perience of actually being in a play. I remember seeing my first production at Oxford, and being shocked at the level of professionalism—not just the acting, but the lighting, set design, and costume. I met people who went to state schools, but had already directed, produced, or stage managed five or six plays. Obviously, it is understandable that private schools have far more resources for things like drama and sport. But why is there so much disparity between the opportunities within the state sector?

I think the answer lies somewhat in the increasing focus on statistics, on commodifying and measuring education. Schools which are regularly termed ‘failing’ or ‘satisfactory’ on their inspection reports are under more pressure to get those hallowed five A*-C grades for every pupil. Teachers pump all their energy into English, Maths, and Sci- ence, rather than encouraging participation on extracurriculars. The arts subjects are timetabled for once a fortnight, or left off altogether so more hours can be allotted to the core subjects.

But it’s more than that—students are increasingly being told that the arts don’t matter. Politicians focus on promoting STEM subjects, and the Russell Group website tells us that ‘facilitating subjects’ like Maths are preferable to ‘soft’ subjects like Drama. My form tutor told me to swap my Music and Art GCSE options to History and French, if I wanted a chance at getting into Oxford. If you go to a poorly performing state school, where few people go on to Oxbridge, you take this advice at face value.

Now that we’re here, we can see that we’ve been cheated out of our arts education. I’ve met so many people at Oxford who took ‘soft’ subjects. In fact, on my English course, I’m pretty sure those with a grounding in the arts have a big advantage. Let’s set the record straight and stop robbing students of the confidence, team spirit and empathy which an education in drama can give you. And please, can someone give me a non-speaking role in their play?

Sport Science: Creatine

Andy Frey
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Sport Science: Creatine

Creatine is a naturally occurring molecule which is produced in the kidneys and the liver at a rate of about two grams per day. Creatine is manufactured by a reaction of glycine with arginine (two non-essential amino acids), generating guanidinoacetate. Guanidinoacetate reacts with ornithine to form creatine. Creatine travels in the blood stream and is mainly transported to skeletal muscles, but also to the heart, and other types of cells. When it enters muscle cells, it gains a phosphate group to generate phosphocreatine. Phosphocreatine acts as a phosphate carrier: it can donate this phosphate to ADP to form ATP in the absence of oxygen. ATP is the energy currency of cells, required for essentially every biological process, including muscle contraction. During the first two to seven seconds following an intense muscular contraction, ATP is generated via this process. Due to this short time interval, there is often insufficient ATP in our muscle cells to complete a gym workout of more than four to five reps. This is when our bodies crave that extra creatine supplement to enable us to manufacture ATP for an additional ten seconds. The alternative option that skeletal muscle cells use to replenish ATP levels is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose; glucose can then generate ATP through respiration. Creatine builds muscle indirectly; it provides energy so that we can lift heavier weights, increasing muscle growth. It is important to mix creatine with carbohydrates to increase the amount of fuel in your system, important for the muscle recovery process. What are the side effects of creatine? In fact, research is yet to find negative side effects directly linked to creatine consumption. Experimental trials have disproved a correlation between recommended creatine intakes and damage to the kidneys or liver. Thus, do feel free to take creatine responsibly.

Author of the week: Halldór Laxness

Ellie Duncan
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Author of the week: Halldór Laxness

In post-WWII Reykjavík, a mix of young anarchists, kind strangers, and squirming politicians welcome Ugla, a girl “from the country” into urban life. So runs the opening of Halldor Laxness’ 1948 novel, The Atom Station, a compelling satire of the Icelandic bourgeoisie and its politicians in the wake of their decision to allow America to build a nuclear base, or as the protesters sing, “sell the country”.

With much of his writing examining the nature of Icelandic identity, Halldór Laxness is viewed as one of the country’s most important writers. Born in 1902, he wrote prolifically throughout his life in a range of forms. Perhaps his most famous novel, Independent People (1934) is an epic retelling of Icelandic history and the powerful sway of the sagas in its depiction of rural life. Permeated also with a sense of hardship and distrust of materialism, it paved the way for the critical perspective of Ugla in The Atom Station. Initially blacklisted in America upon publication, the novel highlights a divide between tradition and potentially threatening modernity through the trace of an individual’s disillusionment.

However, Laxness’s writing doesn’t cling unfailingly to a sense of the old, important as it is. The best parts of The Atom Station are its flickers of friendship and feminism, and a balance of vividly imagined characters with satire and realism that characterises the best of Halldór Laxness.

Worthwhile resolutions

Emma Leech
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Worthwhile resolutions

We all made New Year’s resolutions but, halfway through January, let’s be honest with ourselves for a moment. Those new running shoes are definitely just for show and the closest they’ll get to proper use is that ‘half-walk, half-jog’ you do when the green man goes red.

You might think your diet is going well but those post-night out chips and cheese definitely do count, no matter whether you remember eating them or not. And ‘be happier’? Come on, as if you can coerce yourself to even smile at tute sheets.

So this year, we need to make promises that we can stick to, that will actually better our lives and those of others. Being well-meaning is fine until suddenly it’s December and you’re still lying in bed surrounded by crisp packets and self-loathing.

Obviously, Oxford is home to many students but if you actually look up from your Prêt coffee or your textbooks once in a while you might notice that there are other people in the city. Some of these people, for one reason or another, need help.

Specifically, the homelessness issue in Oxford is so explicit that even the most rose-tinted glasses won’t hide the problem, no matter how hard some people try. We spend our days walking past people who have lives, and stories, but crucially no homes.

It can seem, as a student, that this, although distressing, is something not within our control. We may occasionally buy a Big Issue or throw a few coins into a hat, but the feeling of underprivileged guilt, for some people, can prove shamefully easy to swallow down and ignore.

Even for those willing enough to look into their options to make a difference, the thought of dedicating time to anything whilst wrapped up in ‘hectic’ Oxford life is a scary one. It feels like meeting someone for coffee requires rearranging three things, an all-nighter, and cutting two other friends completely out of your life. But is a few hours a week really all that much? Let’s be honest, you probably spend that amount of time each day looking at Buzzfeed.

So, my suggestion is to take the plunge. Sign up as a volunteer at somewhere like The Gatehouse, a cafe for homeless people. People here provide hot meals and drinks for those without a home and get to know the names and stories behind the faces we pass every day.

It’s only a few hours a week and the charity understand that you might only be in Oxford during term-time, so it’s perfect for students (as long as you are prepared to make the commitment). It could just make you organise your time better, forcing you to kick that procrastination addiction, and it certainly will do a lot of good for a lot of people, including yourself.

Information about The Gatehouse can be found at oxfordgatehouse.org

Through the Looking Glass: Benazir Bhutto

Safa Dar
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Through the Looking Glass: Benazir Bhutto

The name conjures up an image of a poised, elegant woman, seemingly demure in her trademark white headscarf, with eyes that gave away her sharp intellect. This is the Benazir I saw in Pakistan after she returned from her self-imposed exile, twelve years after her second term as Prime Minister. But the “fiery and fun” woman who had taken Oxford by storm in her yellow (or “snot-coloured”, as MP Alan Duncan recalls it) MGB convertible was lost to me, and I tried to reconcile the serious stateswoman with the vivacious youth that had captured the attention of many at Oxford.

Bhutto came up in 1973, and read PPE at Lady Margaret Hall. For most of her Oxford acquaintances, the memory of Benazir is tied to her “beautiful” yellow convertible. Unable to make any claims about faulty WiFi networks, she once told her tutor that someone had stolen her essay out of her sports car. This same convertible was used to drive to weekend excursions to Stratford-upon-Avon to watch Shakespearean plays, or to Baskin-Robbins in London, her favourite ice cream parlour. Other favourite pastimes included picnics at Blenheim Palace, punting and boathouse parties, and, perhaps most significantly, debating at the Oxford Union, of which she became later became president.

Bhutto made history by becoming the first Asian woman to become the president of a club that had only started admitting women in ten years ago. According to biographer Walter Isaacson, a Rhodes Scholar at Pembroke at the time who helped her with her campaign, Bhutto was determined to prove that a former member of the colonies could become president of the Union.

However, whilst much of Bhutto’s life at Oxford was just like anyone else’s, notwithstanding her position at the Union, in many ways it differed hugely. In March 1977, while she was busy painting the president’s office blue, and using a green and white theme (the colours of the Pakistan flag) for term-cards, her father was contesting elections. This was followed by riots in Pakistan, which endangered not only his life, but Benazir’s as well. She was paid a visit in Oxford by officials from Scotland Yard to make arrangements for her safety.

Although she claims in her autobiography that “Pakistan seemed far away” whilst she was at Oxford, it preoccupied her mind as much as tutorial essays and Union politics, and she poured over English and Pakistani newspapers most mornings in the St. Catz MCR. The debating chamber at the Union—where her portrait hangs today—became a second home to Benazir during her time at Oxford, and indeed, prepared her for a life beyond it: the first Asian female Union President was to go on to be the first female Prime Minister of Pakistan. Bhutto could be “fiery and fun” or serious and solemn—she was a dangerous woman in every sense of the word.

‘Rhodes Must Fall’ campaigners become Rhodes scholars

Ethan Croft
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‘Rhodes Must Fall’ campaigners become Rhodes scholars

Two South African ‘Rhodes Must Fall’ campaigners have been awarded £40,000 Rhodes scholarships at the University of Oxford.

Joshua Nott and Mbali Matandela were both involved in the original ‘Rhodes Must Fall’ campaign at the University of Cape Town (UCT), which succeeded in having a statue of British colonialist Cecil Rhodes removed in April 2015. They have both recently been awarded Rhodes scholarships to Oxford university, each worth 670,000 South African Rand, equivalent to £40,000.

During the ‘Rhodes Must Fall’ protests at Cape Town University, Nott was quoted in IOL News saying: “you wouldn’t see a swastika in Jerusalem.” The Rhodes Trust website says Nott, a social sciences student, is “keenly interested in social justice and has pioneered a number of workers’ rights and student focussed initiatives.” It does not explicitly reference his links with the ‘Rhodes Must Fall’ campaign.

Mbali Matandela, a gender and transformation student at UCT, was also a vocal ‘Rhodes Must Fall’ campaigner, who reportedly took a feminist line against the Rhodes statue at UCT.

It is currently unclear whether or not the pair will join the ‘Rhodes Must Fall’ campaign in Oxford, which calls for the removal of Oriel College’s statue of Rhodes.

Joshua Nott and Mbali Matandela are two of this year’s nine South African Rhodes scholars.

Rhodes Must Fall in Oxford and the Rhodes Trust were contacted for comment. The University of Oxford declined to comment.

Letter from abroad: Belgium

Emily Dillistone
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Letter from abroad: Belgium

Before leaving to go abroad I encountered the standard panic of being that second year trying to piece together their unhelpfully vague ‘year off’.

After what was essentially an extended holiday, working in Barcelona for an Anglophone magazine, I found myself in Brussels, pursuing a translation internship with Myria, the Belgian Federal Migration Centre in an office that is one of the only genuinely bilingual workplaces.

Upon arrival, I was struck by Brussels’ distinctly European feel, with the gold starred flag seemingly omnipresent. Sign-posting is in two languages, although at international train stations notices are often written in four: Dutch, French, German, and English. Originally, I was keen to demonstrate to everybody I met that I was a Brit who could actually speak French. However, it turns out that the linguistic tensions in Belgium mean that speaking French to a Flemish person is very rude indeed. Fabulous.

Slowly learning about Belgian social conventions, I spent my first week kissing everyone I met on both cheeks. However, I soon realised that there was a reason people looked more than slightly bemused when I did this. Apparently, in Belgium, it’s only the one cheek.

From different supermarket products, to odd approaches to zebra crossings, to recycling-related fines, cultural differences strike me everyday. Yet, an even more noticeable contrast is the security. The city is still in shock from the attacks last year, and intimidating stern-faced army soldiers with guns line the metro stations and often patrol public spaces.

Additionally, I’ve made quite a few linguistic discoveries since arriving. I’ve learned a new phrase on my walk to work, for example, in the form of a café name: Ah! non peut-être, which (despite literally meaning ‘not perhaps’) means ‘of course’, of course.

Another bizarre turn of phrase, which I learned whilst ordering a drink at Café des Halles, was ‘s’il vous plaît’ being used to mean ‘here you go’ or ‘you’re welcome’ as a waitress handed over my change.

On top of this, ‘baise’ is used very similarly to ‘bise’ to mean ‘a light kiss’, rather than ‘a fuck’, as the slang of France would have it. These things are useful to know.

Earlier this week an acquaintance said the following words to me: “The best thing about Brussels is the train to Paris”. Though the city does not boast the same Haussmann architecture of Paris or the terracotta roofs of Prague, these words are rather harsh. Brussels still has a rich cultural history, and it does make up for what it lacks aesthetically with politics. There are plenty of lectures and talks held every week; I have attended speeches on Brexit and feminism, which have proved entertaining, irrespective of the free Cava and nibbles.

I also had the opportunity to attend a conference led by the European Green Party, about rebuilding relations in the EU. It featured a talk by Raphaël Glucksmann, a French writer and film director, whom I approached afterwards for a quick chat that turned into a long political debate over a cigarette. I suspect Bordeaux, my next destination, will be less politically-oriented.

My year abroad so far has given me the opportunity to do many things for which I didn’t have time at Oxford. I can’t say for certain that Brussels feels like home just yet, but there is a certain familiarity to the place that has grown on me and overwritten past doubts.

Profile: Fiona Bruce

Marianna Spring
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Profile: Fiona Bruce

I challenge you to find someone who knows the BBC newsroom better than Fiona Bruce.

As the first woman to present their News at Ten programme, the 52-year-old is a household name. Although she modestly points out to me that this is not quite so much of an achievement when one remembers that she was in fact its first ever presenter.

Regardless, what the news-reader and presenter has achieved as a woman in journalism is remarkable. She has graced our screens for over twenty years with her insightful and engaging reporting.

As I interview her on an unusually warm evening in December, she has just finished writing a travel piece for the Telegraph and is preparing to present the News at Ten the next day. Despite her success, broadcast journalism was not her first port of call when she graduated from Oxford University.

“I started with long form investigative journalism, after two career false starts in management consultancy and advertising. One, which I enjoyed, and the other, which I did not. I just wanted something that I felt I would be entirely committed to and that I would believe in. For me, that was investigative journalism.”

Gender, she tells me, has never obstructed the progress of her career, as she went on to land a job as a researcher on Panorama in 1989 and then to present various flagship programmes for the BBC. She has presented not only the News at Six and at Ten, but Crimewatch, Antiques Roadshow and, most recently, Fake or Fortune.

She recalls only one of a handful times when she felt being a women proved a potential hurdle in her career.

“Very early in one of my first jobs at Panorama, I wanted to go the area of Turkey and Iraq informally known as Kurdistan. It was after the Gulf war, when Saddam Hussein had killed a few million people with a chemical attack on a place called Halabja.

“A British journalist had been there not long ago in that particular area I was looking to visit. When I asked my Editor about heading out there, he looked at me and asked himself whether it was a place he would send his own daughter.

“The issue was not that I was a woman, but rather it was a pretty dodgy place to go whoever you are. There was a high probability that Hussein might unleash chemical weapons and then obviously this journalist had died there recently. I had to persuade him that I would be fine and I was. That was the first time that my gender had really come up and it I hasn’t come up much since. It certainly hasn’t stopped me.”

She owes this in part to her personality.

“I’m not the kind of person who sits in the corner quietly and so maybe it’s for that reason that it has not been an issue for me.”

However, in the two decades she has been involved in broadcasting, she says she has noticed general progress in equality that is hard to ignore.

“I do think there has been progress for women, especially older women, in the time I have been at the BBC. Some of our finest women correspondents are of similar age to me.

“Take Lyse Doucet for instance. Her age or gender are not an issue, she is just brilliant. Similarly for Orla Guerin. Her age and gender are utterly irrelevant because her journalism is so stunningly good. Would women like that have flourished in the past? I am not sure if they would have, but they certainly do now.”

News journalism has typically been dominated by men, with the Washington Post revealing in 2014 that in America around two-thirds of newsrooms remain male. Discussing the balance in the BBC newsrooms, however, Fiona is fairly positive.

“The ratios in our team vary. Management in our newsroom has been quite female dominated in the past. At the moment it is quite male dominated. In the past, I have had both a female Head of News and a female Editor of the programme.

In the turbulence of 2016, Fiona has found herself reading the news in the midst of a political storm, whether that be in Britain, Syria, or across the pond in the US. Fiona admits that Brexit was “a difficult story to tell” and recognises the limitations of a short television bulletin when trying to cover such a complex referendum fully and objectively.

“The difficulty with Brexit is that both sides of the argument were not always entirely reliable with the facts. When you have a half-hour bulletin, how much of that are you going to devote to unpicking inaccuracies and trying to tell the truth?

“You can fact monitor much more easily online, but this is much harder during a short broadcast bulletin and in the case of rolling news. As a result, claims were exaggerated or underplayed.

“Could we have done better? I’m sure all of us could have, but it was a tricky one. When we were doing our bulletins I remember thinking 80 per cent of this is about Brexit, when there was other stuff going on readers wanted to know about.

“We have a duty to inform and yet we had to neglect that because there was so much to say about Brexit.”

Nonetheless, she affirms that the outcome was totally unprecedented and that the media did not affect the result. No-one anticipated the outcome.

“People get so much of their information elsewhere. I had others regularly asking me questions like if we stay in the EU will we have to have the Euro, which astonished me. When people are getting hold of ridiculous information like that online, we cannot flatter ourselves and claim we were the main influence.”

Despite Britain’s exit from the EU, her language skills that she acquired from her French and Italian degree will still come in “slightly handy”.

Speaking in light of the dramatic decline in the number of students studying Modern Languages at University, she tells me that her degree has enabled her to access culture in a way she could not have otherwise.

“My languages have come in slightly handy. I remember when I was on Panorama interviewing Italian politicians. They do not really like being interrupted and I remember thinking where am I going to get a question in here, so thank goodness for my languages.

“I still use my French and Italian on my art series. If I was to study languages again, I might choose something a little different. Perhaps Russian, Arabic or Chinese.

“Regardless, I think language learning is so important. Languages offer you an insight into a people and a culture and people that you simply cannot have if you do not speak the language.”

The metabolic key to novel therapies

Zoe Catchpole
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The metabolic key to novel therapies

Navigating metabolism, the sum total of all the chemical interconversions going on in a cell, is like navigating the London underground. It’s incredibly confusing to the outsider and necessitates precise control mechanisms of its interconnecting pathways. Key chemicals form nodes or junctions and can go down multiple overlapping lines, building and degrading all the components that a cell needs. A given cell has the capacity to use all these pathways but, just as the number of people using the underground varies, so too does the flux of activity down metabolic pathways.

Such a system must be flexible in order to cope with fluctuating demands of different types of cells. White blood cells, the armoury of our immune system, must rapidly alter their metabolism when faced with the strain of infection.

If metabolism is the London underground, then having an infection is the summer rush hour. Metabolic capacity is stretched to breaking point. To alleviate this pressure, immune cells rewire their metabolic pathways by switching to ‘Warburg’ metabolism whereby energy is generated by a non-oxygen consuming pathway making lactate, the molecule suspected to be responsible for muscle cramp.

In addition to this general energy switch, subtle metabolic differences exist between different subtypes of white blood cells that specialise them to their specific functions. Inflammation-causing  white blood cells, for instance, have the metabolic machinery to produce reactive nitric oxide which acts as a toxic bullet against pathogens, whereas tissue repairing white blood cells do not.

Partitioning of cellular jobs is important because the immune system has dual functionality. Not only must it destroy foreign cells, but also, simultaneously, limit lateral damage by protecting the body’s own healthy cells. By characterising the metabolic profiles of immune cells in health and disease, scientists hope to be able to reprogramme faulty metabolic circuits. This could form a novel treatment for autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and some cancers which occur when the immune system destroys its own cells.

“The hope is that simple manipulation of key pathway components will enable some simple reprogramming that will have minimal side effects,” says Professor Luke O’Neil, Professor of Immunology at Trinity College Dublin. He highlights recent findings showing the efficacy of a treatment for preventing organ rejection using metabolic pathway inhibitors, including an existing type II diabetes drug.

Furthermore, there is scope to improve existing socalled ‘immunotherapy’ to turn the patient’s own immune system on the patient’s own disease. In one such therapy, adoptive cell transfer, white blood cells engineered for a therapeutic function are introduced into the body. Professor O’Neil explains that “immunotherapies will undoubtedly benefit from any [metabolic reprogramming] strategy that maintains their functional state in the body, or that alternately rapidly turns them off if they cause side effects.”

The complexity and integrated nature of metabolic pathways makes progress in this area challenging and slow, yet a revival of the importance of metabolism in biochemistry is heralding progress in elucidating immune pathways and paving the way for therapeutic applications.

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