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‘Moral failure’ over Mosley Money

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The University of Oxford’s acceptance of donations from the Alexander Mosley Charitable Trust (ACMT) has come under fire this week, with St. Peter’s College in particular becoming the focus of fierce criticism.

The Mosley family’s £6 million donation to Oxford will go towards a new physics laboratory and the foundation of the Alexander Mosley Professor of Biophysics Fund. A £5 million grant gifted to St Peter’s will contribute to the construction of new student accommodation, which will be named following an internal consultation with students after plans to name the block after Alexander Mosley were shelved. Another £260,000 has been given to Lady Margaret Hall.

The fund, named after Max Mosley’s son Alexander, who died of a heroin overdose aged 39, is controversial due to its alleged connections to the Mosley family’s fascist past. Critics allege the fund is based upon the inheritance left by Max Mosley’s father, Oswald Mosley, leader of the British Union of Fascists and later the far-right Union Movement.

The University of Oxford’s acceptance of this “tainted” money has therefore raised important questions about the morality of Oxford’s donor system. In the same month as the donation from the ACMT, Linacre College received a £155 million donation from Madam Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao. Madam Thao has close links to the Vietnamese Government, which is judged to have one of the world’s worst human rights records.

The late Max Mosley, best known as a Formula One tycoon, is himself a polarising figure. In his youth, his association with Sir Oswald’s Union Movement is well documented. In a 1961 by-election he published a pamphlet claiming that ‘coloured immigrants’ spread leprosy, venereal disease and TB, and should be repatriated. On one march through a Jewish area of London in 1962, Max Mosley walked shoulder to shoulder with his father’s followers as they chanted: ‘Jews out!’ before fighting Jewish protesters, some of whom were Second World War veterans. In the same year he visited the Dachau death camp while en-route to a conference with several Nazis and two ex-Waffen SS officers. His support of South Africa’s apartheid regime was set out in his argument for “a complete division” of Africa into Black and White areas, which appeared in the February 15th, 1961 edition of Cherwell.

Professor Lawrence Goldman, emeritus fellow in history at St Peter’s College, accused the College on Sky News of a total “moral failure”, as Mosley had never apologised for supporting his father’s movement, which made the donations “tainted and dirty money”.

He said: “The University has gone off the scale in wokery (…) but they go ahead and take money from a fund established by proven and known fascists.

“Its moral compass is just not working anymore.”

Meanwhile the Government’s anti-Semitism Tsar Lord Mann, and Education Secretary Nadhim Zahawi both objected to the rehabilitation of the Mosley family name. Lord Mann further commented:

“At a time when Oxford University are putting statues into storage or away from public display it is quite absurd to give credibility to a family who were active fascists over two generations and who led British fascism up to the Second World War.”

Oxford University and the two colleges involved have defended accepting the money. They state that the donations were reviewed by a committee in a ‘robust’ manner, taking ‘legal, ethical and reputational issues into consideration’. Lady Margaret Hall said the money “enabled a cohort of students from very diverse and low-income backgrounds to attend Oxford.”

St Peter’s said the trust’s “generous” donation will make a “transformative” difference to students.

Cherwell has obtained communications between the St Peter’s faculty and students. The email, sent to the entire student body, tells them that “If you are considering adopting any public positions on this, we do encourage you to ensure you are well informed, and that your information is accurate, before you do so.” The St Peter’s JCR chose not to comment to Cherwell when asked for their opinion on the college’s handling of the donations and subsequent public outcry. 

Several St Peter’s students declined to comment on both the donation and the communications they have received from college. However, a student who did wish to comment told Cherwell that “I fully support the college, and I have the sensation that within College, nearly everyone feels the same. This outcry feels manufactured, or at least feels external to the college community. The money is separate from the man, and Alexander Mosley wasn’t part of what happened before him”

November has so far shown that Oxford’s complex relationship with donations and endowments is far from a historic issue. As the University navigates this topic, serious questions remain over how the issues of financial support and concerns over morality and ethics can be balanced. St Peter’s College is the latest, but undoubtedly not last, institution to face these questions.

St Peter’s College told Cherwell: “In 2019, St Peter’s College received a gift of £5m from the Alexander Mosley Charitable Trust, a regulated charity that was set up in memory of a former student of St Peter’s. Alexander is remembered with warmth in College. He died tragically young. The money was given to fund a student accommodation building that will be built in the latter half of 2022 and early part of 2023. The building is due to open in Spring 2023.

“To ensure that the donation can do good for the College and its students without distraction, the Trust has invited the College to choose a name for the building in consultation with its students. This is a welcome offer which the College has accepted.  Since the building does not yet exist, there is time in hand to develop the process and run these College conversations in thoughtful and exploratory ways that will have a lasting legacy. Student representatives have welcomed the naming project ahead. 

“The AMCT donation was reviewed and cleared by the University’s central and independent committee to review donations, ahead of being approved by the College’s Governing Body.”

The Alexander Mosley Charitable Trust has been approached for comment.

Image Credit: Jcrue/CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons

Persephone review: ‘Created with love and dedication’

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In Persephone, the familiar Greek gods who structure the dynamic story are flawed: Zeus is an egotistic adulterer, Hera is cunning and wears a power suit, and Hades’ self-loathing perpetuates the grimness of the Underworld. In Emma Hawkins and Carrie Penn’s new musical, it is the women that shine; the titular Persephone is initially presented as a sheltered lamb, protected by her cautious mother Demeter, the goddess of harvest and agriculture. 

As the story develops, Persephone moves through her well-known myth through classic musical theatre tropes; in her opening number she dreams of a tomorrow where she will be free to explore the world, uninhibited and unburdened with Hades by her side. However, Persephone presents a more nuanced, complicated version of her journey. The musical incorporates several beautiful, free-flowing dance numbers between Persephone and Hades that establish their connection (and its eventual rupture) in contrast to the tense relationship between brothers Zeus and Hades that results in delightful, well-sung duets throughout the performance. 

Emma Hawkins’ direction allows her characters to think about and perhaps regret their decisions, reflected in recurring motifs of white roses and the push and pull enacted by the four-person Greek chorus narrators. On Persephone’s folk-rock musical style, Hawkins said she was inspired by her rural upbringing going to “barn dances and fiddles around the fire”. “We felt that reflected in the narrative itself because Persephone comes from a very isolated part of the rural countryside while Olympus is from a ‘little old town’”, a refrain echoed throughout the show by its stellar Greek chorus. In discussing her overall inspiration for the show, Hawkins was “interested in the Greek myths and how they look at the condensed parts of humanity that have become timeless and archetypal, and they also lend themselves really well to musical theatre because it’s high drama”. 

Persephone certainly delivers on the promise of suspense, tackling intense themes of mental illness, sexual violence, and survival that may be difficult for audiences to process. Though the scenes do not explicitly depict such situations, it is a credit to the performances by the cast and crew that the effect of these moments linger long after you leave the Playhouse. 

Persephone showcases women’s agency at its core: our protagonist chooses whether or not to eat the pomegranate seeds that would bind her to the Underworld for six months of the year; she chooses to return to the living world but seeks out shelter with Aphrodite instead of immediately returning to Demeter; she chooses to depart the Underworld when Hades becomes self-destructive. The emphasis on the bonds forged between women, regardless of the circumstances that led them there, is palpable in Persephone. The intimate and fraught relationships between the goddesses frame the show’s emotional core and shift the gaze away from the lavish heroics attributed to male gods; the women are interesting, complex, and more than just the companions of other immortal beings. 

The standouts of the show include the portrayal of Aphrodite, who plays her role as a surrogate mother with gentility while deftly being a belting, liberated goddess of love, skipping across the stage at the same time. The actress who embodies Hera offers a new interpretation of her as more than just an embittered wife; we see her wrestle for moral clarity as parallels her and Persephone’s dual struggles in loving deeply flawed gods of lighting and hell. 

It is evident that Persephone was created with love and dedication to the art of musical theatre and the misrepresented character of Persephone herself. Hawkins praises her creative team: “It’s amazing having this experience because you would never be able to put on an original musical in a 600-seat proscenium arch theatre. Getting to work with so many talented people (…) it’s easy to forget that these people do their degrees as well, they’re not just technicians and actors.” Commendation should also be given to Hawkins’ role as set designer, which produced haunting depictions of the Underworld through detailed paper theatre designs and the swift movement of trees that serve as a reminder to Demeter and the power of nature. 

Eat a pomegranate seed and enter the Underworld — Persephone is a new musical which was well worth experiencing. 

Oxford celebrates Diwali

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Oxford University India Society (OIS) and Hindu Society (HUMSoc) led the celebrations for Diwali last week by hosting various events. Other colleges and the Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies also held their own celebrations to mark the festival. 

Diwali is known as the ‘Festival of Lights’ (from Sanskrit: Deepavali, meaning ‘row of lights’) and it is the most important festival of the year for Hindus, Sikhs and Jains. It took place on Thursday 4th November 2021, but often celebrations last the whole week.

The festival marks the beginning of a new year and the triumph of good over evil. The most common narrative of Diwali is in Hindu mythology; it is the day when Lord Rama returns home to Ayodhya with his brother and his wife Sita, after 14 years in exile and after having defeated the demon king Ravana.

For Sikhs and Jains, there are also other reasons for Diwali celebrations. Regardless, it is a festival that celebrates family, new beginnings, and the triumph of light over darkness. 

Common Diwali celebrations include lighting lamps and candles around the house and on the street, often accompanied by fireworks and family celebrations. The return of this and more open, communal celebration after Covid has been particularly welcomed.

Oxford India Society organised a Diwali Dinner last Friday in Christ Church College’s Great Hall. It was a night of Indian food and sweets, musical performances and attire.

India Society’s president, Jay, told Cherwell that “it was a huge success with a lot of demand,” with Christ Church College entirely full.

Many more informal events were also planned to celebrate Diwali: two Bollywood BOPs at the Varsity Club have been hosted, as well as bhangra classes, a popular style of Punjabi dance, and Bollywood film nights.

The Student Union also hosted a Diwali Mulakaat (a large meeting along with festivities) on Wednesday 3rd November, accompanied by Indian food and music. A similar event was hosted by the Centre for Hindu Studies on Diwali itself. Unfortunately, explains Jay, the annual Diwali Ball had to be postponed to Hillary Term for various reasons. Nonetheless, Oxford has been rife with celebrations and a return to community after Covid has been strongly embraced.

Oxford students told Cherwell about how excited they were with the return of Diwali celebrations this year.

Harini Iyer, a first year Geographer at Hertford College, remarks that “I was a little worried that Diwali wasn’t going to be as communal as it is at home, but the range of events planned has allowed me to celebrate in just the same way at university”.

Geetika Kumar, a second year Medic at Corpus Christi College and Communications Officer of the Oxford India Society, told Cherwell: “We have been so pleased with how the events have been run this Diwali. Due to Covid last year, our Diwali celebrations were seriously disrupted, so it is lovely to see a return to normality and community”.

Image: Nrjtks via Pixabay 

Colleges raise transgender flag for trans awareness week

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Some Oxford colleges, such as Balliol College and Merton College, raised the transgender pride flag for trans awareness week this November. 

The week commencing the 13th November starts Transgender Awareness Week. The LGTBQ+ focused charity GLAAD describes the week as a time when “transgender people and their allies take action to bring attention to the community by educating the public about who transgender people are”.

The week finishes with the transgender day of remembrance (TDOR) which is taking place on Saturday 20th November. TDOR is held to honour the memory of the transgender people who lost their lives due to acts of anti-transgender violence throughout the year.

Balliol College LGBTQ+ rep, Charley Archer, told Cherwell: “I think it’s really important to use trans awareness week as a way of keying in on trans issues which are still unfortunately really prevalent, but also to celebrate being trans in a world which often shames us, and the flag is a big symbol of that.” 

The trans pride flag was created by Monica Helms, an openly transgender American woman, in 1999. The flag’s colours of light blue and pink play on the traditional colours for baby boys and baby girls; the white line in the middle representing intersex, transitioning, or a neutral or undefined gender. Helms has stated that the flag is symmetrical so that “no matter which way you fly it, it is always correct, signifying us finding correctness in our lives”.

Archer also said: “we are raising the flag for trans awareness week as an act of support and pride in the trans community of Balliol and the university as a whole”. Charley shared that Balliol had further plans for trans awareness week including a “trans pride-themed bop for the whole college”. 

The flag has been seen in recent years on the railings outside the Radcliffe Camera which has been used as the site in Oxford for people to gather and honour trans lives on TDOR. Last year they remembered the 242 lives of transgender and gender nonconforming individuals who had lost their lives to anti-trans violence. A statement reminded the public that the figure did not include trans individuals who may have taken their own lives due to the transphobia they have faced.

The flag has been seen in recent years on the railings outside the Radcliffe Camera which has been used as the site in Oxford for people to gather and honour trans lives on TDOR. Last year they remembered the 242 lives of transgender and gender nonconforming individuals who had lost their lives to anti-trans violence. A statement reminded the public that the figure did not include trans individuals who may have taken their own lives due to the transphobia they have faced.

Last year colleges, including Magdalen, raised the trans pride flag for trans awareness week. This tradition is being continued in 2021 as a symbol of solidarity. 

Oxford University LGBTQ+ society (OULGBTQ+) said: “the flying of flags representing underprivileged groups in society can have a huge impact on the welfare of such groups” and that “it can show respect and appreciation” for the trans community. 

OULGTBQ+ says that the tradition of Oxford university “can be intimidating places for LGBTQ+ people”. The society says that “by flying the LGBTQ+ flag from the college flagpole, colleges make a bold statement” that they are both “welcoming and accepting”. Doing this also provides a ”statement of recognition of a minority that is often invisible”.

Image credit: Sharon McCutcheon on Unsplash

A secret science: What cisgender people don’t know about voice

You hear a voice call out your name. Before you turn around, you know it’s a woman. How?

Most people assume people sound male or female because of pitch. In my experience, this includes everyone from my linguistics tutors to speech-language pathologists – who are trained to treat hoarseness and swallowing problems, but to whom trans people are routinely referred to anyway. There’s even a whole industry which markets dangerous and expensive vocal surgeries to desperate trans women on the faulty premise that gender is based on pitch.

Despite this, average male and female ranges have plenty of overlap, and cis women with voices lower than most men still sound unmistakably female. For trans people with vocal dysphoria these misconceptions matter. And so, over the past decade, trans people themselves led by pioneering microtonal musician and voice teacher Zheanna Erose have pieced together the components that actually constitute vocal gender to construct a scientific framework that joins up the biomechanical, acoustic, and perceptual aspects of voice.

The pitch of your voice is determined by how fast your vocal folds flap together. If they flap together 150 times a second, it creates a pitch of 150 Hz. Importantly, this also generates higher frequencies, called harmonics, at integer multiples of this base pitch. So a voice with a fundamental frequency of 150 Hz will also contain peaks at 300 Hz, 450 Hz, etc, decreasing in intensity as they get higher.

The biggest component of vocal gender perception is the size of your vocal tract. Luckily, this is something you can learn to control, as required for certain styles of singing. Smaller spaces amplify shorter, higher-frequency wavelengths – compare blowing air over a half-full bottle of water to a mostly empty one. This is called resonance. The space in your throat and the space in your mouth each amplify a band of frequencies, the first and second formants (R1 and R2). While R2 plays an important stylistic role in voice, and determines the pitch when you whistle, the perception of gender is primarily derived from the ratio between the fundamental frequency and R1. This means there are times where you can actually create a more feminine sound by lowering your pitch. 

However, changing your resonance isn’t enough to sound natural. The physical amount of vocal fold mass being used to create sound needs to be taken into account. Testosterone-exposed vocal folds are thicker, leading to greater preservation of the intensity of higher-frequency harmonics, and therefore a ‘buzzier’ sound. Learning to stretch the vocal folds to engage less mass allows you to create a ‘lighter’ quality that sounds proportionate to a small resonance. What’s more, the less the mass of your vocal folds, the easier it is to make them vibrate faster, thus raising and expanding your vocal range.

These are the biological components of vocal sex. Culturally, however, there’s also a big difference in the way men and women tend to communicate emphasis and nuance. Women rely more heavily on variation in pitch whereas men rely more on volume. ‘Feminine’ intonation in an otherwise male-sounding voice is responsible for the stereotypical ‘gay guy voice’. Exploring this behavioural side of voice is invaluable for uncovering the full variety of expression available to you, regardless of the extent and contexts in which you choose to use it. Typical levels of feminine intonation feel much more exaggerated at first than you’d expect; I remember trying to record what I thought was the most over-the-top intonation possible and playing it back to hear a perfectly average woman.

We hear these qualities in people’s voices all the time but picking them out is like trying to describe a colour you don’t have words for. The first step is to listen. After that, there are exercises to point you in the right direction, but real progress primarily comes from exploration and playing around, and it’s far from linear. Gradually, you will find that these properties intersect and interact, and new ones emerge with their own intersections and interactions, until the boundaries of sounds blur and collapse into a single infinity.

Remember that using your voice should never be painful; half the point of practice is discovering how to produce sounds in the most comfortable, effortless way possible. Then it can become intuitive. Eventually, you need to let go of the details and the goal, and just let yourself wander around in the endless space of possibilities.

Oxford identify gene that doubles COVID-19 death risk

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A team of scientists at Oxford University have identified a gene present in 60% of people of South Asian descent that doubles the risk of respiratory failure from COVID-19.

The group was led by Professors James Davies and Jim Hughes at the University of Oxford’s MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine and published their revelatory findings in the journal Nature Genetics.  They had previously already identified a stretch of DNA that appeared to significantly affect over-65s but had been unable to establish how exactly the genetic signal functioned.

Since then, they have begun using ground-breaking AI technology to analyse how the strain affects hundreds of different cells from across the body.  From here, they discovered that the cells in the lungs were disproportionately affected and since then they have used new techniques to ‘zoom down on the DNA at the genetic signal’ and establish its effects.

The high-risk gene is thought to prevent cells in the lungs and airways from responding to the virus as they should, therefore, increasing the risk of organ failure.

Dr Downes, who led the team behind the discovery, noted that the use of artificial intelligence was crucial as it allowed the team to focus on so many different genes at the same time.  He said, ‘Surprisingly, as several other genes were suspected, the data showed that a relatively unstudied gene called LZTFL1 causes the effect.’

The findings are particularly significant as they may go some way to explaining why people of South Asian descent have been so disproportionately affected by COVID-19.  One of the most substantial unexplained issues of the pandemic is how those from different ethnic backgrounds have been impacted and appeared to respond to treatment.  So far, it has largely been blamed on socio-economic factors, but this suggests that some of the explanation could lie in genetic differences.  The gene is thought to be present in at least 60% of those with South Asian ancestry, in contrast with just 15% of people of European descent and 2% of those from African-Caribbean backgrounds.

It is important to note that as the gene has been shown to affect the lungs and not the immune system as a whole, the benefits of vaccination are largely unaffected.  As Professor Davies stated: “Although we cannot change our genetics, our results show that the people with the higher risk gene are likely to particularly benefit from vaccination. Since the genetic signal affects the lung rather than the immune system it means that the increased risk should be cancelled out by the vaccine.” 

Image: qimono via pixabay

Oxford University to carry out treatment testing for long COVID

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Oxford University is currently leading the second phase of a clinical trial for a new drug, AXA1125, to test its efficacy in treating muscle weakness and fatigue caused by long COVID.

Since the beginning of the pandemic, over 240 million cases of Coronavirus have been recorded across the world. According to a US study, nearly 25% of these cases have resulted in a myriad of long-term symptoms, collectively known as long COVID.

Although most people recover fully after 12 weeks, symptoms can persist for much longer. Long COVID can occur even when the initial coronavirus symptoms are mild. Common long COVID symptoms include extreme tiredness, shortness of breath, “brain fog” and muscle weakness. Research suggests that these symptoms could be caused by dysfunctional mitochondria.

British Heart Foundation Oxford Centre for Research Excellence Transition Clinical Intermediate Fellow and lead researcher, Dr Betty Raman, said: “Long COVID is having a truly devastating impact on countless people around the world, leaving many with a sense of hopelessness.

“With no approved Long COVID therapies, the need for continued innovation is urgent. I am pleased to be leading an investigation of AXA1125 to understand its potential to restore cellular energetics and address patients’ needs.”

Approximately 40 patients will partake in the randomised, double-blind clinical trial, with each receiving either 67.8g of the drug AXA1125 or a matching placebo for 28 days.

The trial will be led by Oxford University’s Radcliffe Department of Medicine, and will be conducted at Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, based at the John Radcliffe hospital.

The drug, AXA1125, has been developed by Axcella Therapeutics, a clinical-stage biotechnology company based in the US. It is also currently being trialled for patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in the EMMPACT Phase 2b global clinical trial.

The company’s clinical trial authorisation (CTA) was accepted by the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) on 22nd October.

Dr Alison Scheter, President of R&D at Axcella, said: “While Long COVID’s enormous patient and socioeconomic burden has become apparent, its underlying pathophysiology is now emerging.

“In two prior successful clinical studies and in preclinical models, AXA1125 has demonstrated an ability to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction and improve energetic efficiency via increased fatty acid oxidation, restored cellular homeostasis, and reduced inflammation. This provides us with confidence about its potential to help the growing number of patients who are suffering from COVID’s debilitating effects long after contracting the virus.”

The main goal of the trial will be to assess the improvement of mitochondrial function in the skeletal muscles. This research will be conducted using magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Key secondary goals include measuring fatigue scores and lactate levels, as well as a six minute walk test throughout the trial. Researchers will also be measuring the safety and tolerability of the drug.

The clinical trial is scheduled to begin at the end of this year, with top-line data expected by mid-2022.

Image: Tmaximumge via Pxhere

Women’s Street Watch: Finding strength in solidarity

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CW: Violence against women

The culture of violence against women is something that we all are subjected to live within: through our own experiences, through our friends’, through the media. The past year has been filled with the stories of women who we did not know, but whose names will be forever etched into our conscience and who will be grieved. Grieved because they deserved better. Grieved because they could have been one of us, because they are one of us, and because they will always be one of us. 

A weight is shared when talking of these women and hearing their stories, whether that be the recent deaths of Sarah Everard and Sabina Nessa, or the surge in reports of spiking across nightclubs in the UK. A weight of sadness. Yet behind this sadness looms another feeling, one that is in equal parts uncontrollable and powerful. It is an anger and frustration felt in our entire being. The frustration that for many years, nothing has changed. We learn these women’s stories time and time again. We are expected to forget but never do. We call out their names into an empty chasm, voices hoarse as no action occurs. We are tired of the news creating a perpetual state of mourning. Tired of the expectation that we must learn to live alongside catcalls, drink spiking, and groping in clubs. It is not an unreasonable ask to want to return home safe.

Women are often condemned for our perceived sensitivity. Perhaps because of the recognition of the power it can yield when we unite. It is easier to treat our concerns condescendingly as overreactions than it is to implement any real change.

It is this very frustration and desire for action that led to the creation of the Newcastle-based activist group Women’s Street Watch NCL. Created only a few weeks ago by two two partners, the group has surged to nearly 200 volunteers and just over 16,000 followers on Instagram. When talking to the founders, it is clear how the failure of effective action led them to seize autonomy in the debate over our own lives. Discussing their response to the government’s proposed solution of the 888 line (a number for women to call when walking home that sends an alert if they do not make it back), one of the founders, Beth,, criticises how it ‘was not going to save anybody.’  She explains how the pair had gone through the names of the women murdered this year, noting that ‘not one of them would have been saved by the 888 number’ as it would have been too late.

Instead, the pair realised that action had to come from elsewhere, and were inspired to turn to older forms of grassroots activism. Talking of the inspiration behind the group,  they tell the story of a friend who had belonged to a lesbian activist group during the 1960s and 70s. The group ran a makeshift domestic violence service that women in need could phone, and in response, several women would arrive in a van to help her whilst others held the perpetrator back. They regale me with this tale warmly, and it is clear how such a strong sense of community has followed into their own work. Realising that they could in a similar manner take matters into their own hands, they reached out to other loved ones, friends, and activists to form the very beginning of Women’s Street Watch.

As its premise, each night a group of volunteers walk continuous loops of the city. The volunteers are all trained and are there to help in several ways: to look out for drunken women and ensure their safety, to be a point of call for women walking home alone, or to offer support to anybody in distress. ‘You would be surprised how many women greet us by bursting into tears of relief,’ says Beth’s partner (who would prefer to remain unnamed). Though I imagine I would not be too surprised; already I know well that panic-induced sickness. She adds how one night they simply asked a woman walking alone if she was okay, only for her to begin crying, explaining that she had been recently assaulted and found walking through town terrifying. The group accompanied her home, ‘armed with six women in high-vis jackets with chocolate bars.’ There is a fierce kindness in the retelling of these interactions, the nature of which could only come from shared experiences and understanding.

It is hence unsurprising that the group has quickly attracted so many volunteers; the love for their community is evident at the heart of their work. Volunteers have joined from all age groups and backgrounds, from retired nurses and policewomen to freshers at university. They have been united by a cause that spans generations. The pair suggest that not all volunteers would explicitly identify as ‘feminist’, yet their solidarity with other women is undeniable. ‘We’ve all been there, and we all know,’ says Beth, discussing how the group has become a safe space for women to tell their experiences for the very first time, some disclosing assaults that have happened years before. Often discredited, diminished, or disbelieved by those in power such as the police, women have learnt be less certain of their voice in society.  The group has become a significant space that allows them to trust their instinct and voice, ‘fostering a community that is able to be listened to […] for the first time.’

While it is saddening that their work is necessary, Women’s Street Watch has become a way for women to seize control against a tide of news that they often feel they are helplessly swimming against. For as long as the (male-dominated) structures of power such as the government and police fail to solve the issue, the group will act in their place. Its objectives go far beyond walking around the city at night, as is evident by how passionately the founders talk of Women’s Street Watch’s future. The group also want to support marginalised women such as unhoused women, ex-sex workers, disabled women, and women of colour, prioritising them for training and qualifications. Beth’s partner explains how training unhoused women in security or taxi-driving means that more women occupy roles which can help ensure other women’s safety, whilealso offering unhoused women jobs and stability. Thus, it feeds back to the community in both directions and provides long-lasting changes. Women’s Street Watch NCL have also been invited along to discussions with the local council and police to guide where funding can be spent to improve women’s safety. The group are pressuring for CCTV to be implemented everywhere, including taxis, a glaring preventative solution that costs little money. The simplicity exemplifies how the issue is a lack of priority above all else, and arguably what occurs when those in power are not those directly affected by a problem. Already, people are reaching out across different cities in the United Kingdom, wishing to extend Women’s Street Watch on a national level. Beth states that it seems to be ‘naturally heading’ in the direction of growth.

While we may be forced to live within a culture of violence against women, we do not have to be forced to wait for change. Certainly, the onus must be on men to unlearn the endemic behavioural patterns of misogyny, and on the government to introduce  long-lasting effective policies to protect women. Yet until that happens, it is our own right to change the story that we have been given, and the parts that we have been so long made to play.  Women’s Street Watch is an example of a direction where our anger and sadness can be channelled into real power. It is an example of humans at our very best, showing solidarity and supporting others.The interview poignantly finishes with a hopeful thought by the pair that seems fitting to end on: ‘We’re hoping that with enough of our volunteers on the street at night we won’t have to say don’t walk home. Walk home. We’re there.’

Image Credit: Jaroslav A. Polák

Money Talk: An Oxford DPhil student

It’s that time of the year again when final year students who have an appetite for research begin applying to PhD programs. This is a self-selected group of scholars who most likely succeeded academically and see value in dedicating at least 3-4 years to becoming world-class specialists in a niche field. They love learning, but ultimately their goal is to make a small contribution to a vast ocean of knowledge. 

The choice of pursuing a PhD, the journey itself, and earning the title of ‘Dr.’ does come with its costs—some apparent, others not. 

For any form of education, the most pertinent cost items that come to mind are tuition and living expenses. For most PhD students, tuition is typically not a factor as it is usually funded by research bodies, government agencies or university scholarships. These financial awards also allow for a living stipend, ranging between the equivalent of £15-25 K per annum. For context, in the 2021-22 academic year Clarendon Scholars are expected to receive £15,609, while Rhodes Scholars will receive £17,310 per annum.

The use of the living stipend varies between individuals. In major cities, like Boston, New York and London, students frequently cite housing as their largest expense item. Even for PhD students living outside of major cities, their expenditures on necessities rarely go past £20 per day on average.

As for me, here in Oxford, I have my own set of life hacks. I take a 20 minute scenic walk to my lab at 9am every day, thereby eliminating transport costs. I rent one room in a four-person house share, the cost of which ranges from £700-1000 per month, and my landlord covers all household bills (electric, Wi-Fi, water and gas). This arrangement is a rare find and most students who rent out of college often have to split their household bills with housemates. 

It’s only after being here a while that I realize how much students communicate over WhatsApp or Messenger, so my year long contract with O2 of £14 a month probably wasn’t a good idea. As someone who cooks for six days and would eat out for one day a week, my groceries amount to £120 a month. I have a pre-set menu of meals for every day of the week. I don’t have to think about what’s for dinner and purchase ingredients in bulk. Organizers of department-wide seminars tend to order more food for catering than needed and the leftovers are often enough to serve as filling meals for many students.

I don’t have time to binge Netflix and I have never played video games in my life. The college gym is good enough for me and so I have zero subscription costs. Plus, nine to twelve hour workdays don’t offer the time to enjoy such luxuries.

If you find yourself short on funds, Oxford is hardly short of opportunities for individuals to make small amounts of disposable income. In the sciences, students are often paid at least £10-20 an hour or per session to demonstrate experiments, take notes or invigilate exams. Some colleges also offer opportunities to lead tutorials or serve as junior deans, which come with a stipend, free meals in hall and on-site accommodation. 

This life of austerity is the reality for most PhD candidates. One of the largest hidden costs of doing a PhD is maintaining sound mental health. Times Higher Education found that 4 in 10 UK doctoral students are at high risk of suicide “due to loneliness and intellectual insecurity.” From my experience, problems arise often as a function of one’s perception of research progress and frictions in the supervisor-student relationship.

Another major cost is the narrowing job prospects you might face after defending your thesis. The academic job market is dismal with more applicants than spots. Racking up postdoctoral experience (2-3 years each) may no longer be enough. 

Others realise near the end that academia is not for them and because they committed all their time to research, they may find themselves lacking requisite skills to transition into other fields. PhD students are often viewed as too specialized, overqualified and expensive-to-hire for some attractive entry-level roles. However, some consulting firms, banks and research functions hire exclusively for PhDs in related areas. 

This piece was not written to be a horror story bumped out of the Halloween issue, and I hope you’re not about to discard your application. Rather, I hope you still submit your application and think before you commit. A PhD will open some doors and close others. At the end of the day, you have to be content with the combination of open and shut doors in front of you. 

On the right to privacy

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When I was asked to write this piece I initially refused. I refused because now, five years since my first Gender Identity Clinic (GIC) appointment, I feel like I don’t have much to say. Strangers don’t know I’m trans and some friends don’t either.

But that wasn’t always true.

The most challenging part of my transition was the period after my social transition, when I changed my name and how I dressed, but well before I was seen by a doctor. Here, to someone walking down the street, I was not a woman, not even a man, but a ‘trans’ woman. And this, I have since realised, is a worse thing to be seen as than either. In this time, I had men, and it was always men, call me slurs in front of my six-year-old brother. I had a man shout sexual comments at me in a crowded pub on New Year’s Eve. On one of the first occasions I wore a dress to an event, a man decided to follow me back to college in the middle of the night. None of these occurrences are unique to me, or trans women. But it’s been my experience that as my transition has continued, and hormones have had their glacial effect, the frequency and severity of these have decreased significantly.

My wait to see a GIC was fifteen months. Hormones started having a transformative effect after another eighteen at least. I count myself lucky this was as short as it was. But the waiting list at the same clinic is now forty-six months, nearly four years, and is not nearly the worst in the country. To subject trans people to the danger and fear that I experienced for longer than the length of an entire degree is barbaric. I will go even further and argue that it amounts to a violation of their right to privacy, something not achievable for most without treatment.

It’s a little known fact that the 2004 Gender Recognition Act (GRA), the legislation that introduced the ability to change the sex on your birth certificate in the UK, was a response to a human rights case that the UK government lost. The court found that a law allowing this change was needed to protect a trans person’s rights under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, the “right to respect for private and family life”. In essence, the court found that a trans person has a human right to keep the fact that they are trans private, and that their identity is a sphere in which the state should not tread.

This is a right that I have, and if I decided to, I could keep my trans status secret from everyone for the rest of my life. But in those early years, this right to privacy was on paper only. I had no ability to keep the fact I was trans hidden, it was evident to anyone who saw me.

Despite the imperfect and bureaucratic nature of the GRA, I am glad that I was able to put my twenty-four-page application together because of the privacy it affords. It’s no coincidence that many of the legislative attacks on trans people are attacks on our right to privacy. Attempts at GRA repeal, bathroom bills, and identity card proposals all hope to make us out ourselves to strangers. This is done often from a position of suspicion of trans people, who are seen by some as an inherent threat. Other times it is done to push a particular, often transmedicalist, view of trans identities, drawing a line between those “transitioning properly” and others. Both accounts fail to recognise the humanity of those they will affect, and threaten to worsen the welfare of all of the trans people who just want to go about our lives without undue impediment. To remove our right to privacy is to degrade the control we have over our own lives. These attacks are often framed as a defence of the status quo, but the reality is that trans people have been using the spaces they do today for your entire life. We have been legally protected doing so since 1999, and those protections were last strengthened in 2010.

The thing I alway say to younger trans people is ‘it gets better’. A major benefit of medical transition is that it gives back some control as to how you are seen. Visibility can be a positive thing, but only on our terms. But some gender clinics, at their current rate of seeing new patients, will take more than a decade to clear their waiting list. This amounts to preventing trans people from exercising their human right to privacy. It’s clear now that the GIC model has failed. Treatment should be prescribed to adults by GPs, without the years-long waits that currently exist.

Because awareness sounds great in the abstract, but what trans people need now is privacy.

Because we still do not have equal rights in marriage, in family, in healthcare.

Because what we need is not visibility, it’s liberation.

Image Credit: Ted Eytan / CC BY-SA 4.0