Thursday, May 8, 2025
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Oxford Retirement Policy Ruled Discriminatory by Tribunal

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An Oxford University don has this week won a claim brought against the University after he was forced to retire aged 68.

The controversial policy enacted in 2011 (titled the EJRA) means that any senior University staff must retire by September 30th in the year before they turn 69. Exceptions can be made to the rule at the discretion of the University.

Oxford asserts that the policy is intended to “support the University’s mission to sustain excellence in teaching, research and administration and to maintain and develop its historical position as a world-class university”. It also makes the case that recent recruits are more diverse than existing academics, so the policy should improve diversity and equality amongst teaching staff.

 However, a recent employment tribunal found that Professor Paul Ewart, who was forced out of his job as head of the atomic and laser research physics at the Clarendon Laboratory, had been discriminated against based on his age. The tribunal also said that the University had failed to justify its retirement policy. It is understood that a similar policy is employed by the Universities of Cambridge and St Andrews, which will now be under pressure to re-evaluate their retirement procedure.

When contacted for comment, Mr Ewart told Cherwell that while he believes the objectives of improved diversity to be valuable, data has shown the policy to be an ineffective way of achieving these aims. He said: “The result means that my questioning of the university’s policy has been found by an impartial judicial verdict to have been well-founded. I have been pointing out the basic flaw in the policy for many years now starting with an article in the Oxford Magazine in 2016. I quote here from that article

“ ‘In particular the methods employed [compulsory retirement under the EJRA] were deemed to be not proportionate as the means of achieving the avowed aims. The aims themselves, such as creating opportunities for young scholars to enter the academic career path and to address issues of diversity and gender equality, etc. are worthy. So we, as an academic community, ought to seek to achieve them by proportionate means i.e. within the law that forbids discrimination on the basis of age. Judging proportionality need not be an entirely subjective exercise. It is important in framing a policy to do so on the basis of data and evidence.’

“The argument has been refined (the effect of the EJRA on the rate of creating vacancies is between 2 – 4%) and repeated in several OM articles and in debates in Congregation) but consistently ignored by the Administration and Council. The argument is also supported by the statistical data that I obtained from HESA (the Higher Education Statistics Agency) which demonstrated that there was no evidence to support the university’s claim that the EJRA was making a “substantial impact” on achieving the aims. This was confirmed by a rigorous statistical analysis by the university’s own Statistics Consultancy Service which provides statistical analysis to any member of the university.

“The judgement by the Tribunal has vindicated this as a key argument showing that the EJRA cannot ever be a proportionate means of achieving the aims and therefore it is unlawful.

“More importantly, the judgement should help the university reconsider its policy and allow active academics to continue to work if they so desire and to choose the time of their retirement as they are allowed to do in every other UK university except Oxford, Cambridge and St Andrew’s. I hope this will assist my colleagues to continue their valuable work, some of whom are doing world-leading research affecting the most important issues facing the planet such as climate change.”

Oxford did not make it immediately apparent that they would be revising the discriminatory policy. A spokesperson for the University said: “In light of this ruling the University will be considering its options, including the possibility of an appeal.”

The result for Mr Ewart follows a contrasting result from May, when a tribunal dismissed a case brought by Professor John Pitcher, a tutorial fellow at St John’s College, against Oxford University and St John’s College. The tribunal found that Prof Pitcher’s claims were “not well-founded”.

Over the course of the tribunal in May, Oxford acknowledged that the policy which forced John Pitcher’s retirement was direct age discrimination, but that the discrimination could be justified. To this end, the University had to show that the policy was a proportionate means of achieving legitimate aims. Mr Pitcher is currently in the process of appealing this decision.

It has also been revealed that the internal appeals court at the University found the retirement policy to be unjust as early as 2014. An appeal against the implementation of the policy with respect to Professor Denis Galligan was upheld by Dame Janet Smith, formerly of the High Court and Court of Appeal. Her written judgement stated that the process implemented by Oxford University was “fundamentally unacceptable”, and could “never amount to a potentially fair reason for dismissal.”

Mr Ewart will now receive back pay from the University for the time missed, but he is not guaranteed to be offered his job back at the Clarendon Laboratory. At the time of writing his position is listed as “Visitor” at the Oxford University Science Department.

In spite of this, he has informed Cherwell that he will be looking to retake employment at the Clarendon, saying “I will be seeking to be reinstated so that I can continue, in an employed basis, to work with colleagues in Engineering and Chemistry on applications of my research and to happily contribute to teaching in the university. I miss the interaction with students and graduate students now that my research group has evaporated. I hope that we can work together with the university to find a lawful and acceptable approach to retirement in the future that will be for the benefit of everyone – young and old(er)!”

UCU Reopens Pensions Negotiations

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A failure to make progress on pay and pensions disputes could result in further strikes in 2020.

The University and College Union (UCU) has announced that talks between the Union, the Universities Superannuation Scheme, and Universities UK (representing employers) will reopen in the new year. Talks will concern a dispute over the USS pension, which staff say has been undervalued and poorly managed.

Employee contributions to the pensions scheme have risen from 6.5% in 2011 to 9.6% in 2019, and are set to rise a further 1.4% by 2021. Contributions from employers have also risen from 16% in 2011 to 21% in 2019.

Despite this, research published by the UCU appears to show that employees will receive almost £200,000 less in their retirement. The UCU argues that the valuation methodology used by the USS which resulted in these higher pension contributions is flawed.

The Joint Expert Panel (JEP), a panel established by UUK and the UCU to examine the valuation of Universities Superannuation Scheme, published a report on 13th December which made a number of recommendations for the scheme. These included changes to the governance of the scheme and the adoption of “a more appropriate valuation methodology”.

A spokesperson for the USS commented: “We look forward to engaging with UUK and UCU as they consider the recommendations from the JEP’s second report and welcome the commitment to meet early in the New Year.

“The recommendations in the report are ambitious in scope and will require careful consideration by all parties to agree how best to prioritise and progress them, alongside the timetable for the 2020 valuation.

“As our stakeholders know, we are already carrying out a significant and systematic review of the methodology for the next valuation and we look forward to understanding how employers and members views can be most clearly represented to the Trustee for the 2020 valuation.”

The dispute over the USS is one of two disputes which resulted in strike action at 60 universities last month. The UCU has also raised a dispute with the Universities and Colleges Employers Association (UCEA) over pay, equality, workload, and job security. The UCEA agreed to negotiations over the latter three issues, and both the UCEA and the UCU have agreed that constructive progress has been made. However, an unwillingness on the part of the UCEA to open discussions about pay has left the two bodies at an impasse.

If talks fail to make meaningful progress it seems likely that industrial action will continue into Hilary Term. University and College Union local associations at 25 universities across the country are currently preparing to ballot on further industrial action relating to the pensions dispute.

At Oxford, Union members voted overwhelmingly in favour of strike action over pay and working conditions in November, with 74.4% of votes cast in favour of the action.

However, a similar ballot for action over the pensions dispute narrowly missed the 50% voter turnout required for the results of the ballot to be carried. Members will be re-balloted on the issue between the 7th and the 28th of January. If successful, UCU members in Oxford would have a mandate for industrial action with respect to both disputes.

While no further strike action has yet been encouraged by the UCU, organisers of the Liverpool UCU have already called for a further 14 days of strike action in the new year.

The UCU is also still encouraging members to participate in “action short of a strike” which includes working strictly to contract, and not covering for colleagues or catching up for work missed as a result of the strikes.

UUK said in a statement: “There is a strong desire from all parties to work closely together on the future direction of the scheme. We look forward to developing a joint approach between the union, the trustee and employers to consider and respond to the recommendations from the JEP’s second report, alongside the 2020 valuation of USS.

“Priorities include jointly agreeing a refreshed scheme purpose and valuation principles; reforming the governance; and exploring different approaches to the valuation methodology for 2020.”

And a merry christmess

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It is hardly a ground-breaking revelation that Christmas is an extremely wasteful enterprise. I could reel off facts – over the period 6 million trees are discarded, 100 million bags of rubbish accumulate and apparently 17 million Brussel sprouts are thrown away (although I am dubious about how such a statistic is calculated). Regardless, the incomprehensible quantity of waste is bound to drive pangs of guilt into the conscience of even the most immoderate Christmas fanatic. Thus, most would prefer to remain ignorant of the facts, saving their ‘Earth is dying, so will we’ and ‘there is no planet B’ Instagram quotes for the new year. However, due to my mum’s insistent anti-palm oil venture, this year my family was not going to be among them. It would be a truly green Christmas, whatever that means.

Due to a lack of extended family (my parents are both only children), Christmas has always been a fairly small event – devoid of the stereotypical drunk uncle and wasted older cousins. Thank God. However, it is still by no stretch of the imagination, a relaxing time of the year. Having grown up in a vegetarian household with an abundance of fussy siblings, the classic Christmas spread of turkey, Brussel sprouts and pigs in blankets were never on the cards. Instead, we always ate a rather experimental veggie dinner on Christmas eve, where nut roast was served alongside pasta and cucumber sticks to appease my pernickety youngest sister. A meal that would probably plunge the Christmas traditionalist into a state of abject horror. It is miraculous that for a holiday that celebrates individual relationships, it is entirely depersonalised by unspoken rules. Where the regimented order of the day – waking up, going for a walk, eating a typically excessive Christmas dinner, opening presents – is followed so stringently that the rarity of spending time with all your family is taken for granted.

This sentiment was certainly far from my mind when I was vilified in the little Miss and Mr men game – the ‘let-your-food-settle’ break before pudding. While everyone unanimously agreed that my oldest sister was ‘everyone’s dream partner’ and ‘has no annoying traits whatsoever’, I received the rather humbling characterisation of most likely to ‘laugh if you fell over in front of me’. It is expected that at Christmas, the most stressful time of the year, that you will encounter everybody’s worst sides. It is unexpected, however, that such flaws will be exposed when you are dubbed as Mr Mean in a children’s personality quiz. A game that I am unlikely to be replaying at uni. 

 To stick to the ‘waste-free’ Christmas agenda, paper crackers were abandoned in favour of my sister’s handmade alternative. I quickly got over the disappointment of being unable to ‘crack’ the cracker, which was woollen and definitely uncrackable, when I pulled out the personalised ‘joke’. I think my sister certainly had an ulterior motive in writing said ‘jokes’; like the little Miss and Mr game they hit rather too close to home. My dad’s asked, rather long-windedly, what an old snowman was -‘water’- in case you were wondering. My little sister’s was a joke about the reindeer that wouldn’t stop talking. Loud protest to this from her only served as a vocal demonstration of the obvious – that she deserved the rep of little Miss Chatterbox. Mine said quite simply ‘Four story lines were cut out of Love Actually and Kiera Knightley’s was still included’. A critique, thankfully for once, not of me but of Knightley’s empty, one dimensional character in Love Actually and the rather frustrating and implausible story line that she is part of.   

All in all, the meal was a success – no one stormed out of the room, the lack of turkey meant there could be no food poisoning and the only victim of the palm-free parade were the mince pies which had sadly been axed from the table. An absentee that gave my mum ample opportunity to say the classic ‘why do *mince pies* (-INSERT FOOD OF CHOICE FOR VARIETY-) have palm oil in them?’. I wisely abstained from mentioning the three mince pies I had consumed at a carol concert earlier that week. Such set the trend for the ‘palm-oil’ and ‘fragrance-free’ soap that I found at the bottom of my stocking. ‘Palm-oil free’, my sister whispered darkly to me, was simply a euphemism for ‘fun-free’. She had a point. But at 6am (there was no lie in on Christmas day), I was more annoyed about being woken up ridiculously early than the ‘fragrance-free’ soap.

This was all quickly forgotten when I walked downstairs and saw an apparition in a Santa suit in the hallway. My first thought was public embarrassment. Since walking through town with my fully-costumed family, beards included, during the Santa run a few years ago I retained a nervous horror that someone I knew would recognise my mum bedecked as Santa and think I was associated.

“You’re surely not going outside like that”, I said, forgetting it was Christmas and imagining the painful scenarios that could ensue if my mum stepped outside in a Santa suit.

“We’re going to parkrun”, my mum replied. Promptly two more Santas appeared – my dad and brother – who had trailed downstairs to join the cult. Turns out all three were cycling to the park. It was worse than I could’ve envisaged. Images of my parents, fully-dressed as Santas, precariously balanced on bikes swam before my eyes. What was even worse was the idea of doing exercise on Christmas day. I joined my younger sister in the living room and by the time my parents returned we had consumed both of our Lindt reindeers and were sat playing Wii sports. A pain-free alternative to real exercise. It was Christmas after all and New Year’s resolutions could happily wait until January.

For as I long I could remember, we have always taken turns to open presents. This year I learnt the hard way that the time taken unwrapping was considerably increased by ‘waste-free Christmas’. Rather than dramatically ripping off the paper and throwing it across the room, ‘waste-free Christmas’ demanded that every present be meticulously cut open with scissors and the wrapping paper neatly laid in pile. The agonised suspense of watching my dad carefully flattening the wrapping paper and peeling off the Sellotape, so as ‘to use again next year’ seemed such a farce that I became rebellious and began ripping the paper randomly amid a chorus of voices lamenting the dying trees. All the time I was watched reproachfully by the wooden reindeer that stands near the fireplace. The antlers, which had been embedded in my sisters’ leg after she had jumped onto the reindeer ten years ago, served as a stark reminder to heed my mum’s warning. I stopped ripping the wrapping paper and abandoned myself to ‘waste-free Christmas’.

It is hardly surprising that by the afternoon, hot chocolate had been replaced by alcohol. Gin, to be exact, which me and my sister poured carefully into a plastic bottle and took with us to evensong to ‘get through’ the rather tedious sermons. Having watched my little sister, a chorister, sing in the cathedral on numerous occasions there was nothing particularly novel about evensong – this is one I will remember. We received some rather odd looks from the woman behind us – she was probably curious why my sister was so dehydrated and swigging on a water bottle. Yet we were there singing carols with everyone else, joining in the Christmas spirit. There should be no rules at Christmas. Just this once you can drink gin and tonic in a cathedral. We don’t need to follow the conventional excessiveness. If you want to spend ten minutes cutting open a present, then go ahead. Don’t worry, a ‘waste-free’ Christmas is by no means ‘fun-free’.

Gluten free – need or nonsense?

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“Make a wish!”

As I blow the thirteen candles out, an alarming ring from the kitchen phone pierces all illusions of birthday magic. I’m startled. Can that be David Attenborough inviting me to join him on a trek to Amazon Rainforest already? As I start dividing the cake, my mum cautiously enters the room, hesitating before she announces that the hospital called with the biopsy results. I reach out to a slice of soft, springy sponge. It looks little like Mary Berry’s, but it’s close enough.

“Stop! They came back positive, you can’t eat that!”

Big mistake: I should have used that wish more carefully. Looks like my dreams of broadcasting the next Blue Planet will have to wait whilst I try to understand a disease I can’t even spell. And what is gluten anyway, asides from something Mary Berry uses in her recipes?

Gluten, so I learnt a week later, is a protein found in wheat, barley and rye. For the 1% of the population with coeliac disease, this rules out anything from bread, biscuits and pasta to soy sauce. Even those foods labelled ‘may contain’ are off the menu, which sadly includes Jazzles, my childhood obsession. This hereditary disease causes a heightened immunological response to gluten which flattens the villi (finger-like projections lining the small intestine), decreasing their surface area so fewer nutrients like iron are absorbed. This is why studies show that up to 84% of coeliacs have iron-deficient anaemia. Whilst short-term reactions like intense fatigue, bloating and abdominal pain impaired my daily activities, the consultant warned me of more serious long term consequences like increased risk of osteoporosis and rare cancers if I didn’t change to a strict gluten-free diet. In practical terms, this translates to separate chopping boards, separate spreads, even toaster bags to avoid cross contamination of crumbs, and of course a supply of Sainsbury’s free-from ‘equivalent’ of Jaffa Cakes. Not only are these free from gluten, but flavour and moisture too!

But with influential figures like Miley Cyrus, Victoria Beckham, Kim Kardashian and Novak Djokovic following gluten-free diets, the term has become (misguidedly) synonymous with ‘healthy’, sparking a fashionable trend to adopt the gluten-free ‘lifestyle’. Now whilst I wouldn’t agree with one article in the New York Times which claims that “Eating gluten-free is dismissed outright as a trend for the rich, the white and the political left”, it is interesting to reflect on how waiters have noted my blonde hair and pale complexion as I ask them for the gluten-free menu. People seem divided into two categories: those devoted to gluten-free products, and those who cast it off as a complete and utter fad.

True, my brothers like to joke that the free-from isle in Tesco’s will one day take over the whole store, but in serious terms ‘free-from’ sales in the UK increased by 40% between 2016-2017 and are projected to continue growing. In America, the gluten-free market was worth $8.8bn in 2014, and through the internet the gluten-free community has grown to about 40 million consumers, of whom only 4 million suffer from coeliac disease and 20 million from gluten intolerance.

For us coeliacs, this is a wish come true! Back in 2014, thirteen-year-old me was spending £3.90 on a shrivelled-up, rock-like substance labelled as ‘bread’, more often than not opting to have (for the fourth time that week) another jacket potato with beans. Today, I can buy a multi-grain loaf from Tesco Metro for £1.80 – still about double the price of the ‘normal’ bread, but nevertheless good news for both my sandwiches and student loan. As demand increases, companies are pressurised to supply higher quality products. Gone are the days where Genius dominated the free from shelves. Now supermarkets are developing own-label lines to meet demands for greater variety and lower prices. And apart from supermarkets, the letters ‘GF’ have become a natural part of restaurant menus.

But surely Miley Cyrus can’t be the sole reason for this drastic development in the food industry? Since it was first cultivated some 10,000 years ago, why is it that people suddenly can’t eat wheat?

10,000 years ago there were no industrial bakeries with huge, automated machines required for producing the amount of loaves needed for the billions of people living today. Traditional methods included a long, slow fermentation process, but modern manufacturers have omitted this, drastically reducing the time taken to produce one loaf. However, this prevents lactic acid bacteria from breaking down fully or partially the gluten proteins, making the bread more difficult to digest. Warburton’s may claim to be passionate about baking bread for families, but at the end of the day commercial bakeries, like any company, want high profits, and this means making bread as cheaply and quickly as possible. Further still, the bread eaten today contains more gluten than ever. In today’s society where bigger means better, manufacturers are adding more gluten to create larger, lighter and fluffier loaves to look like ‘good value for money’. The irony is, this has a greater cost. Studies suggest that our bodies have not adapted quickly enough to respond to this increased intake of gluten, and thus gluten intolerance may actually be increasing proportionally, not just because of greater awareness and diagnosis. And as countries like India and China adopt a Western diet high in gluten rather than a rice-based one, the genes coding for gluten intolerance and coeliac disease are now interacting with the environment and revealing that this is a problem that impacts all ethnicities.

This is not to say gluten-free food is healthier – far from it. In an attempt to deal with the fundamental issue that gluten-free food lacks the protein literally responsible for keep a piece of bread from falling apart (ask any coeliac – gluten free bread has the miraculous ability to disintegrate in your hand), companies add more fat, sugar and additives like binding agents to make the products edible. Gluten gets its name from the Latin for ‘glue’, and replacing this in bread is like trying to build a brick house without cement: you have to think creatively.

Noticing that consumers perceive gluten free food to be ‘healthier’, manufacturers focus on designing effective packaging that creates a strong brand image and attracts the consumer’s eye. The language often highlights it as ‘plant-based’ with ‘no artificial colours’, and the companies name themselves to convey the impression of a natural, healthy diet, such as ‘Nature’s Store’, ‘Eat Natural’, ‘Eat Real’, ‘Ancient Harvest’ and ‘Nature’s Path’. Yet more often than not their products have the dreaded red warning signs for high sugar content, and not the ‘naturally occurring’ kind.

As someone who has probably cooked potato in every conceivable way possible, I welcome the innovation taking place in the free-from market as a result of more gluten-free consumers, regardless of their reason. And if you’ve read this with the knowledge that you experience mouth ulcers, fatigue, bloating, nausea or any other symptoms as listed on the NHS website under coeliac disease following gluten consumption, make sure you see your GP to check for coeliac disease. It could change your life, and might even save it.

As for me, I’ll be baking a gluten-free birthday cake this year – sorry Mary, but your Victoria Sponge just doesn’t make the cut.

Conserving Culture : Not on the Tory Agenda

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The election of a new conservative government begs the question of how British culture and the Arts will be affected. Close to a decade of Tory rule caused a sharp decline in the funding and support of art and culture, and it doesn’t look like it’s getting any better.

In the past years there have been cuts amounting to nearly £400 millions of local authority spending on culture and the arts since 2010, according to the County Councils Network. Almost 130 public libraries closed in the year 2017-2018 alone, and so did 64 museums between 2010 and 2017. Importantly, the government promoted a shift to an “American philanthropic-style” system: encouraging private endowment in return for advantages to cultural organisations, and pushed for privatisation of key services, which led to strikes at the National Gallery in 2015. Although councils received a large windfall in the budget preceding the election, the Conservative Manifesto only referred to ‘essential local services’ and did not specify their cultural responsibilities.

Perhaps a sign of worse to come is the erupting row over the funding of the BBC. The world’s oldest national broadcasting organisation relies on license fee payments which the government is seeking to undermine. Their most extreme proposal, decriminalising non-payment of the fee, would result in £200 million less spent on programmes. But it is unlikely this will occur, with the key battle being the negotiations over the cost of the fee beginning in 2022. Even a small change in the license fee could have drastic implications.  The BBC already had to scrap free licences for all over-75s as non-payment would have put multiple TV channels and Radio 5live at risk.

It is fairly clear the recent attacks on the BBC have had a political edge. No 10 has accused the organization of bias, making a case of Andrew Neil’s attack on Johnson for refusing to be interviewed. Worryingly, the absolute victory of Conservatives compounds the problem as they claim to have popular legitimacy to further undermine British cultural institutions.

Some point to Johnson’s legacy as Mayor of London to suggest otherwise. He presided over the 2012 Olympics, perhaps the most significant cultural event of the decade in the UK. Beyond getting stuck on zip-wires and rugby fouls against young children, Johnson has good form when it comes to sport as a keen tennis player. He seeks to convert this to policy, promising £550 million for a grassroots campaign to bring the 2030 World Cup to Britain. The image of sport as a force for national unity is hardly novel, but it is revealing. Unlike the arts, sport entails winners and losers as does politics. Hence, the vision of Johnson as the unbeatable popular politician (and less convincingly the ‘underdog’) being translated into a national sporting narrative. Much as the success of the 2012 Olympics fed into the myth of Johnson’s mayoralty (it was Ken Livingstone who launched the bid), footballing success could boost the image of Conservative governments to come. It is worth stressing that this path is well-trodden with little signs of success. In 2010, Cameron travelled to Zurich to launch a pitiful bid for the 2018 World Cup. Out-bribed by everyone else, the UK. was the first country knocked out. The move costed £21 million, minute compared to the billions the Qataris spent just to buy France’s vote. Despite the changes to Fifa’s corrupt set-up, it’s likely another bid would suffer the same fate. Perhaps the lesson for Johnson is that a zero-sum game is fun as long as you’re winning but torturous humiliation when this isn’t the case.

Perhaps a Conservative government’s stance on culture and the arts can be better gleaned through examining the writings of one of its most central figures, Dominic Cummings. He has attacked the tendency to elect leaders from ‘a subset of Oxbridge egomaniacs with Arts degrees’, and appeals to a vision of a technocratic state unleashed by recreating the environment of tech companies. Hence, in a government which seeks hyper-productivity, what is the role to play of art and culture? There remains an irony to Cummings’ assessment: he is a History graduate, Johnson is a Classics graduate, and there are only a handful of science graduates in the Cabinet. It is also worth noting that the education reforms he attempted to shoehorn in while an advisor to Michael Gove were more traditional than innovatory. Focusing on drumming in classic texts and increasing assessments. Most of the reforms were eventually dropped or diluted due to public outcry, they were condemned by Simon Schama, Carol Ann Duffy, Michael Rosen and academics from Oxford, among others.

Although there has been a constant subordination of cultural institutions under Conservative rule, some comfort can be found in politicians’ foibles and contradictions. The election of a figure so antithetical to cultural progress has already ignited a backlash. The number of volunteers in libraries and galleries has gone up and groups supporting artists from minority backgrounds have multiplied. Perhaps some hope can be found in the words of Brecht, a German who sought refuge from fascist ideology, who said: ‘In the dark times will there also be singing? Yes there will also be singing. About the dark times’.

Review: Troy: Myth and Reality

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It would be hard to think of another set of myths that are so present in contemporary culture as those surrounding the fall of Troy and its aftermath, immortalised most notably by Homer and Virgil. Stories such as the judgment of Paris, which sets the war in motion, the deception of the ‘Trojan Horse’ and Odysseus’ encounter with the Cyclops during his decade-long journey home are many people’s first introduction to the classical past as children, and the past few years have seen a resurgence of the Trojan cycle in popular culture. Novels such as Madeline Miller’s The Song of Achilles and Pat Barker’s The Silence of the Girls have reconsidered the war and its characters from different angles, and the BBC’s Troy: Fall of a City adaptation brought the saga to a generation raised on Game of Thrones. Therefore, the British Museum chose an opportune time for this year’s BP exhibition, Troy: myth and reality, which aims ambitiously to exhibit artistic depictions of the well-known myths and their various post-classical reinterpretations alongside the archaeological evidence that Troy and the war actually existed.

The exhibition began promisingly, with the three clear strands of myth, reinterpretation and reality laid out in the entranceway, with one of the most famous Troy-related classical works of art, the Athenian black-figure vase depicting Achilles killing Penthesilea, exhibited alongside pottery found at Hisarlik (the modern name for the site thought to be the location of the real Troy) and two contemporary works by Cy Twombly and Anthony Caro. The latter was particularly effectively placed, since it uses sculptures of salvaged wood and steel to represent the ruined remains of the battlefield itself, revealing an interesting relationship between archaeological reality and artistic interpretation. However, this interplay between fact, fiction and retelling was not entirely followed through in the main gallery.

After a brief yet fascinating display of artistic and papyrus evidence of Homer and Virgil’s popular significance in the ancient world (not least in the ancient schoolroom, where the epics were used to teach literacy just as the stories contained within them are fixtures of modern children’s books), what followed was a rather simplistic unloading of the Museum’s holdings of Greek, Etruscan and Roman pottery and sarcophagi depicting the Trojan myths, in an unimaginative chronological order from the judgment of Paris to Odysseus’ return to Ithaca. Given the relatively high level of familiarity the general public has with these myths (even if one is not, like this reviewer, a classics student), this part of the exhibition put too much emphasis on explaining well-known stories and not enough on discussing key themes and controversies within them. Some interesting points of discussion were touched upon in the labels, such as Helen’s agency (or lack of it) in her affair with Paris, the level of involvement and culpability of the gods during the war, the habit of later Greeks to use the Homeric epics to contextualise their own wars. Yet, the exhibition’s overly ambitious scope and desire to move swiftly through every story associated with Troy, in a rigid chronology, meant that these more complex ideas could never be fully expounded upon.

With this being said, there were details to be admired in the display, such as the neat division of the Trojan saga into four Ancient Greek concepts: eris (strife), polemos (war), halōsis (downfall) and nostos (homecoming). As well as this, the inventive use of technology was effective, particularly a revolving light-up display which magnified the wine-mixing bowl depicting Peleus and Thetis’ hectic wedding procession and identified the various figures, a concept previously put to good use in the British Museum’s Ashurbanipal exhibition.

The remainder of the exhibition ostensibly linked the original mythology to the exhibition’s two other strands, the archaeological reality of Troy and the post-classical interpretations of the myths. The archaeological section illuminated via recent findings and analysis of the various ancient settlements the mistakes made by the Victorian pioneer Heinrich Schliemann – chiefly that he set out with the intention of ‘finding Troy’ and thus made wild assumptions along the way, rather than excavating systematically. However, with the entire archaeological portion of the exhibition sectioned off into an annex at the far end of the gallery, it was difficult not to feel as though the archaeological findings comprised a separate exhibition, not fully integrated with the previous mythology-focused exhibit.

A similar problem followed in the exhibition’s final section, wherein various post-classical artistic and literary responses to the Trojan cycle were organised thematically, through themes such as ‘journeys’, ‘conflict’, and the depiction of women, a curatorial approach one wishes had been taken in the earlier classical galleries. It is worth saying that the content of this gallery was the most varied and interesting part of the exhibition. The artefacts on display ranged from medieval manuscripts claiming that London was founded by a descendant of Aeneas, to Max Slevogt’s prints depicting the brutal rage of Achilles on the eve of the First World War, to Hans Eworth’s intriguing gender reversal depicting Elizabeth I playing the role of Paris in the famous judgment scene. It was also a powerful choice to have some artworks accompanied by commentary from charities linking the myths to their own work, indicating that the relevance of the ancient epics extends beyond art and culture to politics and psychology. The veterans’ charity Waterloo Uncovered found psychological resonance in Odysseus’ emotional turmoil, while Crisis saw similarities between Aeneas’ journey and that of the modern refugee. 

However, not only did it seem a shame that the classical galleries did not share the curatorial ingenuity of the later galleries, it also seemed to contradict the concept of the whole exhibition to have classical and post-classical art displayed separately. A dual display of a classical and a modern interpretation of a particular myth, alongside evidence of the real city of Troy, would have more effectively shown the contrast between classical and more modern worldviews as well as the continued relevance of the Trojan cycle, and would have formed the exhibition into a cohesive whole. In reality, with the strict delineation of myth, reality and modern interpretation, Troy: myth and reality felt like three separate exhibitions which, while intriguing and rich in content, felt entirely unintegrated with one another. 

Ten Politically Inspired Books to Read in 2020

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The last three years of politics are enough to make a person want to do some Malcolm Tucker-esque screaming into the void. You can’t move for “exciting” commentary on the state of the Tory party or post-referendum analysis of the voter breakdown of Brexit. This is not to say politics is never absorbing, exciting, or hopeful; but right now the state of affairs it could be quite accurately described as a “f***ing omnishambles”. Political literature can still provide a way out through and maybe reading about chaos can help us briefly escape what’s going on around us–with the US 2020 election and the Brexit deadline fast approaching, escaping the 24-hour news cycle seems like an increasingly attractive option.

So, if the thought of another year of relentless news updates makes you feel like applying for an Irish passport, here are ten escapist books to deal with the present state of political fiction:

1.  House of Cards by Michael Dobbs (1989)

The original Westminster-based political trickery that went on to provide the two shows of the same name is the ultimate guide in spin, secrecy and skeletons in the closet. It follows Francis Urquhart (who Netflix would make Frank Underwood), Chief Whip of the Conservative Party, and his criminal path to Number 10. 

2.  Shame by Salman Rushdie (1983)

A beautiful example of Rushdie’s magical realism, and written five years prior to the controversy of The Satanic Verses, Shame explores the status of Pakistan in the decades after Partition. The story examines the issues of heritage, family, political identity, and morality. 

3.  Decline and Fall by Evelyn Waugh (1928) 

Waugh wrote in the preface to the novel: “Please bear in mind throughout that IT IS MEANT TO BE FUNNY.” Set in the 1920s, the novel caricatures various elements of British society at the time: Oxford and its ‘Bollinger’ Club (no prizes for guessing that one), the public school system, the aristocracy – Waugh manages to satirically critique the society he grew up in, with little moralistic superiority. 

4.  The Corrections by Jonathan Franzen (2001)

Franzen’s depiction of Midwestern, middle-class life is filled with anxiety about the future. It follows the Lambert family from the birth of their children to adulthood and tensely captures an American family plagued by anxiety and crisis. It ends just prior to the new millennium, capturing what Franzen describes as “the alarm bell of anxiety” surrounding societal change.

5.  All The President’s Men by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward (1974)

Woodward and Bernstein’s account of the Watergate scandal is synonymous with political deceit, and while it’s not fictional, it’s a masterful account of investigative journalism and reporting that won the pair a Pulitzer. It recounts the detailed reporting of the Washington Post in one of the most significant political conspiracies in history. It is perhaps one of the most influential non-fiction works of all time.

6.   Fear and Loathing: On the Campaign Trail ‘72 by Hunter S. Thompson (1983)

This collection of Thompson’s coverage of the 1972 election details the minutiae of the McGovern-Nixon race for the White House from primaries to polling day. Read for an amusing display of political vitriol towards Nixon, a figure Thompson directs much criticism towards, and beautifully quotable lines such as: “McGovern made some stupid mistakes, but in context they seem almost frivolous compared to the things Richard Nixon does every day of his life, on purpose, as a matter of policy and a perfect expression of everything he stands for.”

7. Libra by Don DiLillo (1988) 

One of the most significant moments of twentieth-century US political history–the assassination of John F. Kennedy–is given its due attention through the eyes of Lee Harvey Oswald. The novel builds up to the shooting with conspiratorial threads of the story so beautifully composed that it becomes hard to distinguishing fiction from reality.

8. Bonfire of the Vanities by Tom Woolf (1987)

Woolf’s satirical debut was initially published, to huge commercial success, as a serial in Rolling Stone. It focuses on self-titled “Master of The Universe” Sherman McCoy, a Wall Street trader in 1980s New York, as well as assistant DA Larry Kramer and British journalist Peter Fallow. When McCoy is involved in a hit and run, the three are messily thrown together in a powerful depiction of public image and corruption.

9. Americanah by Chimamanda Ngozi Adiche (2013)

Its title puns on the idea of ‘Americana,’ namely symbols of American culture that have come to represent the USA’s cultural heritage. It is set initially in Lagos, Nigeria and then moves to the USA where Ifemelu, the story’s protagonist, has gone to attend university. As the title suggests, the idea of Americanization and the lionization of American culture is one of the primary preoccupations of the novel.

10. This House by James Graham (2012)

It may be a cheat to include a play as the final item on this list, but Graham’s script features the political machinations of Westminster as well as any novel. Political theatre finds its home in the Chief Whips’ offices during the Labour minority governments of the 1970s, so desperate for votes that bedbound MPs are brought into the House from hospital.

Photo Credit: Pete Souza, used under Creative Commons Licence.

Boat Race Ready?

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The past week saw some highly important races in the world of university rowing – Trial Eights. Each of the four clubs: OUBC (male heavyweights) OUWBC (female heavyweights), OULRC (male lightweights) and OUWLRC (female lightweights) fields two, theoretically matched boats, which race against each other. Although the crews of the boats are usually not exactly what the first and second boats will later be for the Boat Races, they do give a good indication of who’s likely to be involved. 

Oxford University Boat Club’s matched eights raced on Wednesday 11th December down the full Boat Race course from Putney to Mortlake. Naming their boats Hurley and Burley after the RNLI Tower lifeboat, it was a comfortable win for Hurley in the end. The club are looking strong, with each boat comprised of several members of last year’s first boat and Isis, as well as a handful of new members. For these men it can be their only chance to row the full course before the boat race, and so it’s vital practice. 

For Oxford University Women’s Boat Club, the names of the boats were inspired by the crew of the 75th Anniversary of the women’s boat race. Brown, named after the stroke of the boat that raced in 1927 came out on top, beating Morley, who had been at bow, by over three boat lengths: roughly 6.25 seconds. After an intense term of training, it gave the women (and man) a chance to put all they’d learnt into practice, and gain some great racing experience. 

Two days later, Oxford University Women’s Lightweight Rowing Club made history by racing down the Tideway Championship Course in their matched eights – Puppets and Parrots. Up until this year, the lightweight women have raced at Henley stretch, so the race was valuable experience for the whole team. Puppets reigned victorious on this occasion, but both boats are looking good ahead of their first London race against Cambridge. 

Finally, Oxford University Lightweight Rowing Club raced Brains against Brawn in their matched eights. Somewhat appropriately for Oxford, Brains won out, despite challenging conditions, and the team is now counting down until their own Tideway Boat Race – a tradition that started for them last year. 

After a difficult term with an unrowable Wallingford stretch for a few weeks, all boats put in a great performance down the tideway. Although both lightweight clubs are coming into the races as champions, after defeat at the 2019 boat races, both OUBC and OUWBC have a lot to prove. Hopefully dedication and hard-work will win out, and I look forward to seeing how all the crews will do in the spring races.

Review: Vampire Weekend

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Nine years after they last took Muswell Hill by storm, indie giants Vampire Weekend played a two-night engagement at London’s Alexandra Palace as part of the hotly anticipated touring circuit of their LP released in May of this year, Father of the Bride; and it was certainly worth the wait.

     Having a self-described ‘spring-time’ feel, FOTB was the band’s first release since 2014’s Modern Vampires of the City and the early 2016 departure of founding member and co-songwriter Rostam Batmanglij. Whilst the latest release boasts an 18 song tracklist, citing Kacey Musgraves and flamenco as key inspirations, the two-plus-hour setlist did not neglect their extensive Ivy League back catalogue, pleasing fans both new and old.  

    Frontman Ezra Koenig seemed to command the Palace from the get-go, opening with the punchy and melodic Bambina. For a band that alternates their opener night-by-night, it was a pleasant surprise and setting the energetic tone for the rest of the set. They ploughed through a seamless selection of new songs alongside the classics of yesteryear, such as the worldbeat-meets-baroque Cape Cod Kwassa Kwassa and timeless A-Punk, Koenig barely stopping between tracks to address the crowd. However, the music seemed to do enough talking as for a 10,000 capacity venue, the tone felt strangely familiar and intimate.

      The consistently youthful energy was only halted once or twice throughout the setlist. My Mistake, a poetic yet melancholy number, felt like more of an opportunity for the seven-piece to catch their breath between the high-octane tracks before and after than anything else. However, following it up with fan favourites such as Step and Koenig’s collaboration with British house producer SBTRKT, New Dorp New York, they never seemed to drop the ball completely. This is in part thanks to the magnetism of guitarist and backup singer Brian Robert Jones, whose tie dye, Britney Spears-stickered guitar, and infectious energy meant that it was hard to resist the charms. Long time fans have argued that it is only with the addition of such new band members, and in such large quantities (going from a four piece to a seven piece from 2018), that Rostam’s absence from the outfit is made up for, but it feels as if the Vampire Weekend before and after his departure are incomparable, both possessing unique and equally endearing attributes.        The night came to a close with a five-song encore which included two crowd requests, another way in which the band fosters an undeniable sense of closeness to their fans. Closing with the timeless Ya Hey from their third album, inflatable globes matching the ever-spinning one up on stage being passed around the palace through the crowd, the mood was as ecstatic and joyous as ever. After a twenty-six song setlist, it is a testament to their strength and cohesiveness that they fostered such a consistent vibe, and hopefully means that their velocity is showing no signs of stopping any time soon.

The paradoxical toxicity of the ‘January detox’

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Everyone, even those who don’t formally celebrate Christmas, will most likely find themselves snaffling a bargain box of best-before mince pies or having a few extra drinks during the festive period. You’ve reached the end of another year – have one more slice of pie! You have a fortnight off work and the whole family round – so crack open the Quality Street! Evolutionarily, we crave high-sugar and high-fat foods, hence why the Christmas dinner table, Boxing Day buffet and days of free-flowing mulled wine keep us coming back for more than we ‘need’ for fuel alone. The absolute worst-case scenario is that we overeat and feel a bit bloated for a week or so, but that is where the story ends. 

Yet influencers, diet product peddlers and gyms present us with an entirely different narrative and we, the vulnerably hungover and overfed, lap it up like brandy cream dregs from Grandma’s best china jug.

Discounted gym memberships, supplements and fitness accessories abound once January is upon us, tapping into the tradition of New Year’s resolutions. We jump at the chance for self-betterment, an excuse to start afresh and leave behind old habits. For many of us, an unhealthy lifestyle is that old habit. Enthusiasm to eat more healthily and to take up a new physical activity is both life-affirming and life-preserving. Surely, this is an overwhelmingly positive thing. 

What is not positive, however, is the insidious marketing that manipulates our attitudes to our bodies by means of post-Christmas guilt. The rhetoric of self-blame, linked to a little over-indulgence at what should be a joyous time of the year, is much more toxic than ‘detox.’ And although Veganuary is motivated by the wellbeing of animals and our planet, rather than the money-making opportunity of thousands of people being desperate to shred, shed pounds and slim down, I am sure I am not the only one who has considered making it a Trojan horse for my weight-loss attempts.

I have watched enough myth-debunking YouTube videos, read enough blogs and articles that deign to counteract diet culture, to understand at a rational level that we can and should trust our bodies to recalibrate itself after Christmas. We each have an optimum weight at which our bodies fight to stay – our set point – and a few weeks of the pigs in blankets diet will not succeed in throwing this mechanism off course. All that is required is of us is a return to normal, balanced eating once the holidays are over. 

Gymshark, PureGym and Weight Watchers fail to explain this to us, as to do so would undermine their business models, constructed around the message that we, as we are, are inadequate. In the words of Britney (more or less): they’re toxic, we’re slipping under. And we will continue to fall for their guilt-tripping slogans, because flourishing corporations with a fortune behind them have more clout than a few body-positive Instagrammers, unfortunately. After all, they would not have made their money if it weren’t for successful seduction tactics: we truly believe it when they tell us that we need to shape up, tone up, shrink ourselves down.

And by anticipating the advent of this toxic message come January we run the risk of falling foul of our subconscious. Again, I will state the obvious: evolutionary biology is omnipotent. If you know a period of penury is approaching, you will, even if not deliberately, find yourself ‘stocking up’ on the nutrients of which you soon intend to deprive yourself. The psychological and physiological strain of fasting, regardless of the degree to which you enforce it, outweighs whatever you stand to gain (or, more appropriately, here, lose) from denying your body and mind the nutrition it requires. 

From experience, I know that the mere thought of not being able to eat what I want once the decorations are down is enough to drive me to extreme binges while I have the self-bestowed permission to indulge. Such is the reality of yo-yo dieting. I know that it is far better to eat little and often, indulge without bingeing and stave off the extreme New Year regimes. 

Yet the unrepentant guilt-mongering of the post-Christmas period hits me particularly hard. I am a weight-restored, physiologically-sound eating disorder sufferer, but one whose relationship with the gym, diet products and food restriction is far from healthy. 

Absolving oneself of responsibility to obey the orders of internet culture is, therefore, a gargantuan task. I have, nevertheless, learned – the hard way – that detox teas and fat-burning coffees are useless, not eating for 24 hours at a time is pointless (because it will always backfire) and excessive cardio is nothing short of ridiculous. Refuge in online recovery communities can seem appealing, but it is increasingly hard to escape a society where special diets and resistance bands reign supreme – even among those who were once eating disorder sufferers themselves. Recovery journeys morph into fitness journeys, obsessive cross-training evolves into dedicated muscle-building and devoted butt-sculpting and my hope that self-acceptance is to be found outside of the gym begins to waiver. I question the legitimacy of my recovery because I am trying to resist, rather than submit to, the allure of the watt bike.Let’s all eat up and chill out this Christmas and New Year, only working out and cutting down if the decisions to do so are made free from external or self-imposed pressure.